Effect of Al Addition on Phase Constitution and Heat Treatment Behavior in Ti-8.5mass%Mn-1mass%Fe-Al Alloys

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 562-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda ◽  
Yoshinori Sumi ◽  
Mitsuo Niinomi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Beta Phase ◽  
Al Alloys ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Phase Constitution ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Fe Alloys ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Titanium is considered to be a ubiquitous element since it has the 9th-highest Clarke number of all elements. Iron and manganese can also be used as beta stabilizers for Ti alloys, and can be considered to be ubiquitous because of their 4th- and 11th-highest Clarke numbers, respectively. However, investigations into the behavior of Ti-Mn-Fe alloys during heat treatment have shown that in some alloys, the isothermal omega phase is precipitated. Because this phase can lead to brittleness, it is very important to prevent it from forming. It is well known that aluminum can suppress the precipitation of the isothermal omega phase. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effect of Al content on the phase constitution and heat-treatment behavior of Ti-8.5mass%Mn-1mass%Fe-0 to 4.5mass%Al alloys using electrical resistivity, Vickers hardness, and X-ray diffraction measurements. In all solution-treated and quenched alloys, only the beta phase was identified, thus confirming the suppression of omega-phase precipitation. The resistivity was found to increase monotonically with Al content, while the Vickers hardness decreased up to 3 mass% Al and then remained constant.

Development and Research of Low-Cost Titanium Alloys, Especially Case of Japan

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Beta Phase ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Ti Alloys ◽  
Fe Alloys

Titanium (Ti) exhibits many attractive properties that enable practical applications. It is also considered to be a ubiquitous element, since it has the ninth highest Clarke number among all the elements. However, the principal beta-stabilizing elements for Ti, molybdenum and vanadium, can be very expensive, and so many Ti alloys are also costly. For this reason, less expensive alloying elements would be preferable. Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are beta stabilizers for Ti alloys that are readily available, since they have the fourth and eleventh highest Clarke numbers, respectively. Furthermore, since Fe has a large diffusion coefficient in the beta phase of Ti, precipitation of the omega phase occurs more quickly when Fe is added. The behaviors of Ti-Mn and Mn-Fe alloys during heat treatment have been investigated and it has been found that, in some alloys, the isothermal omega phase is precipitated. Because this phase can lead to brittleness of the alloy, it is very important to suppress its precipitation. Since it is well known that aluminum (Al) suppresses isothermal omega precipitation, the present work investigated the effects of Al content on the phase constitution and heat treatment behavior of Ti-8.5 mass%Mn-1 mass%Fe-0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mass%Al alloys using electrical resistivity, Vickers hardness, and X-ray diffraction measurements. In the case of each of these alloys, whether solution-treated or water-quenched, only the beta phase was identified. The resistivities at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures were found to increase monotonically with Al content, while the Vickers hardness decreased up to 3 mass% Al and then remained constant. The addition of Al was found to suppress omega precipitation.

Phase Constitution and Heat Treatment Behavior of Ti-7mass% Mn-Al Alloys

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 855-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda ◽  
R. Matsunaga ◽  
Mitsuo Niinomi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Beta Phase ◽  
Al Alloys ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Solution Treated

Titanium exhibits many attractive properties. It is considered to be ubiquitous since it has the 9th-highest Clarke number of all the elements. However, the principal beta-stabilizing elements for titanium can be very expensive, making many titanium alloys expensive. Manganese is a beta stabilizer for titanium alloys and it is also considered to be ubiquitous since it has the 11th-highest Clarke number of all the elements. The behavior of Ti-Mn alloys during heat treatment has been investigated and it was found that in some alloys the isothermal omega phase is precipitated. Because this phase can lead to brittleness, it is very important to suppress its precipitation. Since it is well-known that aluminum suppresses isothermal omega precipitation, we investigated the effect of adding aluminum using Ti-7mass% Mn-0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5mass% Al alloys by performing electrical resistivity, Vickers hardness, and X-ray diffraction measurements. In solution-treated and water-quenched 0 and 1.5 alloys, only beta phase was identified, while hcp martensite and bate phase were identified in 3.0 and 4.5Al alloys. The resistivities at room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures were found to increase monotonically with increasing Al content. Isothermal  precipitation was suppressed by aluminum addition, while alpha precipitation was accelerated by Al addition.

Influence of Fe Content of Ti-Mn-Fe Alloys on Phase Constitution and Heat Treatment Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 1893-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda ◽  
Takahiro Kinoshita ◽  
Michiharu Ogawa ◽  
Mitsuo Niinomi
Keyword(s):  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Beta Phase ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Alpha Phase ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Valence Electrons ◽  
Fe Alloys ◽  
Stabilizing Element

If Mn could be partly substituted by Fe, Ti-Mn-Fe alloys would be less costly than Ti-Mn alloys. Furthermore, the use of iron as a beta-stabilizing element is more suitable than the use of manganese from a situation of an element strategy. In this study, 4.26 was admitted as the average ratio of valence electrons to atoms, e/a. The compositions of Mn and Fe were chosen under 4.26 as e/a. We investigated the influence Fe in selected Ti-Mn-Fe alloys by performing electrical resistivity, Vickers hardness, and X-ray diffraction measurements. In solution-treated and water-quenched 10Mn alloy, the beta and athermal omega phases were identified, while only the beta phase was identified in 8.7Mn-1Fe, 6.1Mn-3Fe, and 3.5Mn-5Fe alloys. In all alloys, equiaxial beta grains were observed by optical microscope. The resistivities at room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures and the Vickers hardness were relatively invariant across all Ti-Mn-Fe alloys, except for the Vickers hardness of the 5Fe alloy. During aging at 773 K, an isothermal omega phase precipitated in only the 3.5Mn-5Fe alloy, whereas only the alpha phase precipitated in the others.

Phase Constitution and Heat Treatment Behavior of Low Cost Ti-Mn System Alloys

2013 ◽  
Vol 551 ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda ◽  
Kaoru Imaizumi ◽  
Mitsuo Niinomi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Phase Constitution ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Fe Alloys ◽  
The Cost

This paper is a review of results for Ti-Mn [1], Ti-Mn-Al [2] and Ti-Mn-Fe [3] alloys that have been previously published. Titanium alloys, especially beta-type titanium alloys, have high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. Unfortunately, applications of titanium alloys are limited by their relatively higher cost. One reason is the use of rare and expensive metallic elements, such as vanadium and molybdenum, as a beta stabilizer. In order to reduce the cost, inexpensive and abundantly available metallic elements should be used as beta stabilizers. Manganese was adopted as a beta stabilizer because it is an abundant metallic element in the Earth’s crust and is relatively low in cost. The heat treatment behavior of Ti-Mn, Ti-Mn-Al and Ti-Mn-Fe alloys was investigated through electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction measurements to identify phase constitution, and observations using a light microscope [1], [2] and [3].

Influence of Substitution of Fe by Mo on Heat Treatment Behavior in Ti-Mo-Fe Alloys

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Kyosuke Mizuta ◽  
Shotaro Miyake ◽  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Ti Alloys ◽  
Fe Alloys

In order to reduce the cost of β-type Ti alloys, the use of Fe as an alloying element has been studied. However, Fe is known to have a very high diffusion coefficient in β-Ti of about 2.6×10-12 m2/s at 1200 K, and its behavior during heat treatment is expected to be difficult to control. By contrast, Mo, which is also a β-stabilizing element, has a diffusion coefficient of only about 2.5×10-14 m2/s at 1200 K, i.e., roughly 100 times smaller than that of Fe1), 2). In this study, the effect of the partial substitution of Fe with Mo on the aging behavior of β-Ti alloys was investigated using X-ray diffraction, electric resistivity, and Vickers hardness measurements. Ti-Mo-Fe alloys were solution-treated by holding at 1173 K for 3.6 ks and then quenching in ice water. In the X-ray diffraction patterns for the resulting samples, only peaks associated with the β phase were identified. It was found that the electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness decreased with increasing Mo content. As the Mo-to-Fe ratio increased, the decrease in electrical resistivity and the increase in Vickers hardness occurred later during the isothermal aging process. This was due to a delay in isothermal ω-phase precipitation.

Development of Low-Cost Titanium-Manganese Shape Memory Alloys

2018 ◽  
Vol 941 ◽  
pp. 1254-1259
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Al Alloys ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Orthorhombic Martensite ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Ice Water

Ti alloys are attractive materials for such applications, they are expensive due to the costly alloying elements such as Nb or Mo. The present authors have adopted Mn as a low-cost alloying element, and melted Ti-7, 7.5 and 8 mass%Mn-1.5 and 3mass%Al alloys using a laboratory-scale arc furnace. All specimens prepared from bottom ingots were heat treated at 1223 K for 3.6 ks and quenched in ice water. In the 7 and 7.5Mn-Al alloys, the β phase and orthorhombic martensite were identified using X-ray diffraction. In the 8Mn-Al alloys, only the β phase was identified. In the 7, 7.5, and 8Mn-Al alloys, the electrical resistivity at room and liquid nitrogen temperature increased with increasing Al content due to dissolution of Al into the β phase, whereas the Vickers hardness decreased with increasing Al content due to decreasing formation of athermal omega by the addition of Al. Heat treatment at 673 K for 60 s almost completely returned deformed Ti-7 and 7.5Mn-3Al specimens to their original shapes, and heat treatment at 773 K for 60 s almost returned deformed Ti-8Mn-Al specimens to their original shapes.

Phase Constitution and Heat Treatment Behavior of Zr-Nb Alloys

2007 ◽  
Vol 561-565 ◽  
pp. 1435-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Tsuyoshi Miyazaki ◽  
Satoshi Doi ◽  
Michiharu Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Elastic Moduli ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Phase Constitution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Ω Phase ◽  
Solution Treated ◽  
Α Phase

Phase constitution in the solution-treated and quenched state and the heat treatment behavior were investigated by electrical resistivity, hardness, and elastic modulus measurements, X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy. Hexagonal martensite and the β phase were identified in the Zr-5mass%Nb alloy. β and ω phases were identified in the Zr-10 and 15mass%Nb alloys, and only the β phase was identified in the Ti-20Nb alloy. Resistivity at RT, Vickers hardness and elastic modulus increased up to 10Nb and then decreased dramatically at 15Nb. Above 15Nb, these values slightly decreased. The elastic moduli for 15Nb and 20Nb were 59.5 and 55.5 GPa, respectively. On isochronal heat treatment, the isothermal ω phase precipitated between 473 and 623 K and then the α phase precipitated in the 10Nb, 15Nb and 20Nb alloys.

Phase Constitution and Heat Treatment Behavior of Titanium-Manganese Alloys

2010 ◽  
Vol 638-642 ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda ◽  
Ryuichi Matsunaga ◽  
Michiharu Ogawa ◽  
Mitsuo Niinomi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Rare Metal ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Resistivity Ratio ◽  
Phase Constitution ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Although titanium is considered to be a ubiquitous element since it has the tenth highest Clarke number of all elements, it is classified as a rare metal because the current refinement process is more environmentally damaging than the processes used to refine iron and aluminum. Furthermore, the beta stabilizing elements of titanium alloys (e.g., V, Mo, Nb, and Ta) are very expensive due to their low crustal abundances. Manganese is also considered to be a ubiquitous element, since it has the 12th highest Clarke number of all elements. Therefore, manganese is a promising alloying element for titanium, especially as a beta-stabilizer. In order to develop beta titanium alloys as ubiquitous metallic materials, it is very important to investigate the properties of Ti-Mn alloys. In this study, the phase constitution of and the effect of heat treatment on Ti-3.3 to 8.7 mass% Mn alloys were investigated by electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness (HV) measurements and by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and optical microscopy. In 3.3, 5.1, and 6.0 mass% Mn alloys quenched from 1173 K, ’ martensite and  phase were identified by XRD, whereas in the 8.7 mass% alloy, only the  phase was detected. The resistivities at both temperatures increased with increasing Mn content up to 6.0 mass% Mn and the positive temperature dependence of resistivity became negative at 6.0 mass% Mn. LN increased gradually with increasing Mn content up to 8.7 mass% Mn, whereasRT decreased considerably at a Mn content of 8.7 mass% Mn. HV increased with increasing Mn content up to 5.1 mass%, after which it began to decrease. In Ti-3.3 mass%Mn and 5.1 mass%Mn alloys, the resistivity and the resistivity ratio decreased with increasing temperature of isochronal heat treatment because of decomposition of ’ martensite. In 6.0Mn and 8.7Mn alloys, the resistivity and the resistivity ratio decreased, while Vickers hardness increased with increasing temperature of isochronal heat treatment because of isothermal  precipitation. Furthermore, the temperature for the onset of precipitation increased with higher Mn content.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe Alloys

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 773-776
Author(s):  
Er Chao Ding ◽  
Zhen Yong Man ◽  
Xin Xin Yang ◽  
Jing Tai Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Homogeneous Microstructure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Arc Melting ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
Microstructure Morphology ◽  
Fe Alloys

The effects of heat treatment on microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe nickel-based alloys were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), metallographic microscope (MM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical analysis, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the samples which were prepared via electric arc melting shielded by argon were pure solid solutions with homogeneous microstructure. Segregation of chromium element and slightly smaller grain size were found after heat treatment. Better corrosion resistance of samples was achieved after heat treatment, due to improvement of microstructure, morphology and distribution of elements.

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