scholarly journals Appraisal of mechanical properties of different particle sizes of palm kernel shell, coconut shell and mixed palm kernel-coconut shells particles epoxy-filled composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
A. B. Alabi ◽  
M. A. Salawu ◽  
R. A. Jimoh ◽  
T. Akomolafe
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Coconut Shells

The Effect of Mixing Coal with Biomass in Solid Fuel Briquettes

2013 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Yee Sing ◽  
Mohd Shiraz Aris
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Burning fossil fuel like coal in power plants released carbon dioxide that had been absorbed millions of years ago. Unfortunately, excessive carbon dioxide emission had led to global warming. Malaysia, as one of the major exporters of palm oil, has abundant oil palm mill residues that could be converted into value-added product like biomass fuel briquettes. Fuel briquette with palm kernel shell and palm mesocarp fibre as its main ingredients showed satisfactory fuel characteristics and mechanical properties as a pure biomass fuel briquette. The effects of adding some coal of higher calorific value to the satisfactory biomass fuel briquette were focused in this study. Various coal-biomass fuel blends were used, ranging from 0wt% coal to 50wt% coal. The fuel properties and mechanical properties of pure biomass briquette and briquettes with different amount of coal added were compared experimentally. From the fuel properties tests, it was found that as the coal content in the briquette was increased, the carbon content and calorific value increased. Mechanical property tests on the fuel briquettes showed a mixture of results, with some favored higher portion of coal in the briquette for better handling, transport and storage properties while some favored greater amount of biomass.

Preparation and Characterization of Single and Mixed Activated Carbons Derived from Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell through Chemical Activation Using Microwave Irradiation System

2017 ◽  
Vol 889 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Anis Mohd Amran ◽  
Khudzir Ismail ◽  
Azil Bahari Alias ◽  
Syed Shatir Asghrar Syed-Hassan ◽  
Ali H. Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Percentage Removal

Single and mixed coconut shell (CS) and palm kernel shell (PKS) were successfully converted to activated carbon by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as activating agent. Mixed activated carbon was produced from coconut shell: palm kernel shell at different KOH concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50%. Activation process was performed in a conventional microwave oven at fixed power and time of 600W and 20 minutes respectively. The results showed that activated carbon produced from single and mixed biomass at 40% concentration of KOH exhibited higher adsorption capacity for iodine number and percentage removal of MB with comparison to 30% and 50% of KOH concentrations. The highest BET surface area of 441.19 m2/g was obtained by CSAc-40. Further both CSAc-40 and PKSAc-40 produced an average pore size diameter of less than 2.0 nm which is in the range of micropore region. On contrary, the mixed CSPKSAc-40 produced an average pore size diameter of 6.0 nm which is in the region of mesopore. All the CSAc-40, PKSAc-40 and mixed CSPKSAc-40 showed similar adsorption trend for iodine number and percentage removal of MB. Interestingly, this finding showed that in the mixed activated carbon some chemical reactions might have occurred during the activation process producing mesoporous instead of microporous as obtained by the single biomass activated carbon.

scholarly journals Processing and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell Waste by H3PO4 Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
A. Nyamful ◽  
E. K. Nyogbe ◽  
L. Mohammed ◽  
M. N. Zainudeen ◽  
S. A. Darkwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Time Scanning ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
H3po4 Activation ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

Palm kernel shell and coconut shell are used as a precursor for the production of activated carbon, a way of mitigating the tons of waste produced in Ghana. The raw Palm kernel shell and coconut shell were activated chemically using H3PO4. A maximum activated carbon yield of 26.3 g was obtained for Palm kernel shell and 22.9 g for coconut shell at 400oC, an impregnation ratio of 1.2 and 1-hour carbonization time. Scanning electron microscopy reveals well-developed cavities of the H3PO4 activated coconut shell and Palm kernel shell compared to the non-activated carbon. Iodine number of 743.02 mg/g and 682.11 mg/g, a porosity of 0.31 and 0.49 and the electrical conductivity of 2010 μS/cm and 778 μS /cm were obtained for the AC prepared from the coconut shell and Palm kernel shell respectively. The results of this work show that high-quality activated carbon can be manufactured locally from coconut shell and Palm kernel shell waste, and a scale-up of this production will go a long way to reduce the tons of coconut shell and Palm kernel shell waste generated in the country.

Effect of Ingredient Particle Sizes on Surface Roughness Characteristics of PKS Brake Lining

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Fono-Tamo ◽  
Jen Tien-Chien
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Brake Lining

Besides pad failure due to thermal damage, brake pads can also experience mechanical damage when they are exposed to a corrosive environment. A typical solid surface like a brake pad has a complex structure and complex properties depending on the nature of the solids, the method of surface preparation, and the interaction between the surface and the environment. The surface roughness of a novel friction linings prepared using varying palm kernel shell (PKS) powder particle sizes (0.300 mm, 0.425 mm and 0.850 mm) as reinforcements were investigated. The investigation was conducted via a profilometer dotted with a diamond stylus at a speed of 0.2 m/s. The determined surface roughness parameters values were in ascending order with S0.300 having the least values (Ra = 6.13 μm, Rz = 24.04 μm and Rmax = 37.3 μm) and S0.850 having the highest values (Ra = 9.87 μm, Rz = 37.28 μm and Rmax = 53.8 μm). This was an indication that the roughness characteristics of the reinforced composite were associated to the presence of pulverised PKS particles. It was further shown by scanning electron microscope images that pulverised PKS grain sizes by nature have rough surfaces and this could have contributed to the overall roughness behaviour of the reinforced composite since PKS was the only ingredient with grain size variation in the experiment.

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