Status of Cassava cultivation in Jaffna peninsula and detection of Cassava mosaic disease causing agent

AbstractMany plant diseases are caused by plant viruses that are often transmitted to plants by vectors. For instance, the cassava mosaic disease, which is spread by whiteflies, has a significant negative effect on plant growth and development. Since only mature whiteflies can contribute to the spread of the cassava mosaic virus, and the maturation time is non-negligible compared to whitefly lifetime, it is important to consider the effects this maturation time can have on the dynamics. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model for dynamics of cassava mosaic disease that includes immature and mature vectors and explicitly includes a time delay representing vector maturation time. A special feature of our plant epidemic model is that vector recruitment is negatively related to the delayed ratio between vector density and plant density. We identify conditions of biological feasibility and stability of different steady states in terms of system parameters and the time delay. Numerical stability analyses and simulations are performed to explore the role of various parameters, and to illustrate the behaviour of the model in different dynamical regimes. We show that the maturation delay may stabilise epidemiological dynamics that would otherwise be cyclic.

Download Full-text

Development of a triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cassava mosaic disease detection using a monoclonal antibody to Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/s12985-021-01572-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Saengsoon Charoenvilaisiri ◽

Channarong Seepiban ◽

Mallika Kumpoosiri ◽

Sombat Rukpratanporn ◽

Nuchnard Warin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Sri Lankan ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Field Samples ◽

Cassava Stem ◽

Cassava Mosaic Virus

Abstract Background Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases for cassava production in Africa and Asia. Accurate yet affordable diagnostics are one of the fundamental tools supporting successful CMD management, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to develop an antibody-based immunoassay for the detection of Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), the only cassava mosaic begomovirus currently causing CMD outbreaks in Southeast Asia (SEA). Methods Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the recombinant coat protein of SLCMV were generated using hybridoma technology. MAbs were characterized and used to develop a triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) for SLCMV detection in cassava leaves and stems. Assay specificity, sensitivity and efficiency for SLCMV detection was investigated and compared to those of a commercial ELISA test kit and PCR, the gold standard. Results A TAS-ELISA for SLCMV detection was successfully developed using the newly established MAb 29B3 and an in-house polyclonal antibody (PAb) against begomoviruses, PAb PK. The assay was able to detect SLCMV in leaves, green bark from cassava stem tips, and young leaf sprouts from stem cuttings of SLCMV-infected cassava plants without cross-reactivity to those derived from healthy cassava controls. Sensitivity comparison using serial dilutions of SLCMV-infected cassava sap extracts revealed that the assay was 256-fold more sensitive than a commercial TAS-ELISA kit and 64-fold less sensitive than PCR using previously published SLCMV-specific primers. In terms of DNA content, our assay demonstrated a limit of detection of 2.21 to 4.08 × 106 virus copies as determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). When applied to field samples (n = 490), the TAS-ELISA showed high accuracy (99.6%), specificity (100%), and sensitivity (98.2%) relative to the results obtained by the reference PCR. SLCMV infecting chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) and coral plant (Jatropha multifida) was also reported for the first time in SEA. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the TAS-ELISA for SLCMV detection developed in this study can serve as an attractive tool for efficient, inexpensive and high-throughput detection of SLCMV and can be applied to CMD screening of cassava stem cuttings, large-scale surveillance, and screening for resistance.

Download Full-text

Dual begomovirus infections and high Bemisia tabaci populations: two factors driving the spread of a cassava mosaic disease pandemic

Plant Pathology ◽

10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.01062.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 577-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

J. Colvin ◽

C. A. Omongo ◽

M. N. Maruthi ◽

G. W. Otim-Nape ◽

J. M. Thresh

Keyword(s):

Bemisia Tabaci ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Two Factors

Download Full-text

WRKY Transcription Factors in Cassava Contribute to Regulation of Tolerance and Susceptibility to Cassava Mosaic Disease through Stress Responses

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13091820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1820

Author(s):

Warren Freeborough ◽

Nikki Gentle ◽

Marie E. C. Rey

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Large Scale ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

African Cassava Mosaic Virus ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽

Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽

Negative Role

Among the numerous biological constraints that hinder cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production, foremost is cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by virus members of the family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus. The mechanisms of CMD tolerance and susceptibility are not fully understood; however, CMD susceptible T200 and tolerant TME3 cassava landraces have been shown to exhibit different large-scale transcriptional reprogramming in response to South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV). Recent identification of 85 MeWRKY transcription factors in cassava demonstrated high orthology with those in Arabidopsis, however, little is known about their roles in virus responses in this non-model crop. Significant differences in MeWRKY expression and regulatory networks between the T200 and TME3 landraces were demonstrated. Overall, WRKY expression and associated hormone and enriched biological processes in both landraces reflect oxidative and other biotic stress responses to SACMV. Notably, MeWRKY11 and MeWRKY81 were uniquely up and downregulated at 12 and 67 days post infection (dpi) respectively in TME3, implicating a role in tolerance and symptom recovery. AtWRKY28 and AtWRKY40 homologs of MeWRKY81 and MeWRKY11, respectively, have been shown to be involved in regulation of jasmonic and salicylic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. AtWRKY28 is an interactor in the RPW8-NBS resistance (R) protein network and downregulation of its homolog MeWRKY81 at 67 dpi in TME3 suggests a negative role for this WRKY in SACMV tolerance. In contrast, in T200, nine MeWRKYs were differentially expressed from early (12 dpi), middle (32 dpi) to late (67 dpi) infection. MeWRKY27 (homolog AtWRKY33) and MeWRKY55 (homolog AtWRKY53) were uniquely up-regulated at 12, 32 and 67 dpi in T200. AtWRKY33 and AtWRKY53 are positive regulators of leaf senescence and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis, suggesting MeWRKY55 and 27 contribute to susceptibility in T200.

Download Full-text

Effect of NPK Fertilization on Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) Expression in a Sub-Saharan African Region

American Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.9734/ajea/2012/1211 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 336-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Nkongolo

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Disease ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

African Region ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Npk Fertilization

Download Full-text

First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Nigeria

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.398a ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 398-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

F. O. Ogbe ◽

G. I. Atiri ◽

D. Robinson ◽

S. Winter ◽

A. G. O. Dixon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Africa ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

East African ◽

African Countries ◽

Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽

Cross River State ◽

Sub Saharan

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food crop in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the major production constraints is cassava mosaic disease caused by African cassava mosaic (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) begomoviruses. ACMV is widespread in its distribution, occurring throughout West and Central Africa and in some eastern and southern African countries. In contrast, EACMV has been reported to occur mainly in more easterly areas, particularly in coastal Kenya and Tanzania, Malawi, and Madagascar. In 1997, a survey was conducted in Nigeria to determine the distribution of ACMV and its strains. Samples from 225 cassava plants showing mosaic symptoms were tested with ACMV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1). Three samples reacted strongly with MAbs that could detect both ACMV and EACMV. One of them did not react with ACMV-specific MAbs while the other two reacted weakly with such MAbs. With polymerase chain reaction (2), the presence of EACMV and a mixture of EACMV and ACMV in the respective samples was confirmed. These samples were collected from two villages: Ogbena in Kwara State and Akamkpa in Cross River State. Co-infection of some cassava varieties with ACMV and EACMV leads to severe symptoms. More importantly, a strain of mosaic geminivirus known as Uganda variant arose from recombination between the two viruses (2). This report provides evidence for the presence of EACMV in West Africa. References: (1) J. E. Thomas et al. J. Gen. Virol. 67:2739, 1986. (2) X. Zhou et al. J. Gen. Virol. 78:2101, 1997.

Download Full-text

Evaluation and Characterization of High Yielding Cassava Mosaic Resistant Variety YTP2

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science ◽

10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i2230696 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 198-208

Author(s):

L. Pugalendhi ◽

M. Velmurugan ◽

P. S. Kavitha ◽

M. K. Kalarani ◽

N. Senthil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tamil Nadu ◽

Starch Content ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

Dna Fingerprint ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Resistant Variety ◽

Research Station ◽

Internodal Length ◽

New Variety

The cassava variety YTP2 (Me 681) has been developed through selection from Thondamuthur type at Tapioca and Castor Research Station, TNAU, Yethapur. The performance of YTP2 in the Adaptive Research Trial (ART) and On Farm Trial (OFT) in the farmer’s field inferred that this new variety is well adapted to cassava growing districts of Tamil Nadu. In addition to the above, YTP2 was found to be resistant to cassava mosaic disease incidence (CMD). Plants are erect, medium growing and non-branching type and suitable for growing under irrigated and rainfed conditions. The internodal length is shorter and the leaf size is medium with sufficient canopy. The leaves of the plants droop down to reduce the transpiration loss which is more advantageous to overcome or escape from drought and heat stress during summer season. It is a dual purpose variety wherein the tubers contain high starch content which is much favourable for the manufacture of starch, sago and also suited for table purpose. The overall performance of this variety showed higher tuber yield (42.20 t ha-1) and starch content (28.40%) which is 15.94% and 18.20% increase over the check varieties YTP1 and H226 respectively. The results of DNA fingerprint data involving SSR markers (SSRY235, NS169 and NS928) showed that it is genetically distinct from the existing commercial varieties viz., YTP1, H226 and Sree Athulya.

Download Full-text

Marker-Assisted Introgression of Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease into Latin American Germplasm for the Genetic Improvement of Cassava in Africa

Crop Science ◽

10.2135/cropsci2006.10.0688 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 1895-1904 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

E. Okogbenin ◽

M.C.M. Porto ◽

C. Egesi ◽

C. Mba ◽

E. Espinosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease

Download Full-text

Survey of farmers’ knowledge of cassava mosaic disease and their preferences for cassava cultivars in three agro-ecological zones in Benin

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine ◽

10.1186/s13002-018-0228-5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jerome Anani Houngue ◽

Justin S. Pita ◽

Gilles Habib Todjro Cacaï ◽

Martine Zandjanakou-Tachin ◽

Emmanuel A. E. Abidjo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Disease ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Agro Ecological Zones

Download Full-text

Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transient Overexpression and Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)-Based Gene Silencing in Cassava

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20163976 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (16) ◽

pp. 3976 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hongqiu Zeng ◽

Yanwei Xie ◽

Guoyin Liu ◽

Yunxie Wei ◽

Wei Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Silencing ◽

Functional Genomics ◽

Transient Expression ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

African Cassava Mosaic Virus ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽

Transient Expression Assay

Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) are very useful in functional genomics in plants. However, whether these methods are effective in cassava (Manihot esculenta), one of the most important tropical crops, remains elusive. In this study, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) as reporter genes in a transient expression assay. GFP or GUS could be detected in the infiltrated leaves at 2 days postinfiltration (dpi) and were evidenced by visual GFP and GUS assays, reverse-transcription PCR, and Western blot. In addition, phytoene desaturase (PDS) was used to show the silencing effect in a VIGS system. Both Agrobacterium GV3101 and AGL-1 with tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-MePDS-infiltrated distal leaves showed an albino phenotype at 20 dpi; in particular, the AGL-1-infiltrated plants showed an obvious albino area in the most distal leaves. Moreover, the silencing effect was validated by molecular identification. Notably, compared with the obvious cassava mosaic disease symptom infiltrated by African-cassava-mosaic-virus-based VIGS systems in previous studies, TRV-based VIGS-system-infiltrated cassava plants did not show obvious virus-induced disease symptoms, suggesting a significant advantage. Taken together, these methods could promote functional genomics in cassava.

Download Full-text