THE LIFE CYCLES OF SOME STREAM INSECTS (EPHEMEROPTERA, PLECOPTERA) IN ALBERTA

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Radford ◽  
R. Hartland-Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Stream Insects ◽  
Ecological Separation

AbstractThe life histories of Nemoura besametsa, Epeorus deceptivus, Epeorus longimanus, and Ephemerella coloradensis are described as "fast seasonal" types and Arcynopteryx aurea, Nemoura cinctipes, Nemoura columbiana, Nemoura oregonensis, Cinygmula ramaleyi, Ephemerella doddsi, and Rhithrogena doddsi as "slow seasonal" types according to Hynes’ (1961) classification. All of the species are univoltine with the exception of N. cinctipes which may be bivoltine. There seems to be a correlation between life cycles and food availability. A means of ecological separation in the four Nemoura species is elucidated. Stream temperature was found to influence growth rates.

Hybridization in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex): terrestrial performance of newly metamorphosed hybrid and parental genotypes in field enclosures

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1552-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Parris
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Leopard Frogs ◽  
Rana Blairi ◽  
Advanced Generation

Terrestrial ecology has been largely neglected in the study of amphibian life histories because it is difficult to manipulate most species during the terrestrial stage. I examined the terrestrial performance of Rana blairi, Rana sphenocephala, and four hybrid (two F1 and two advanced generation) genotypes in replicated experimental enclosures to test for differences in traits related to juvenile terrestrial fitness. I produced all genotypes by means of artificial fertilizations using frogs collected from natural populations in central Missouri, and juvenile frogs were obtained from larvae reared in experimental ponds. Following metamorphosis, froglets were raised in single-genotype groups in terrestrial enclosures through the first overwintering. The proportion surviving did not vary among genotypes, but the power to detect significant differences was low. F1 hybrid genotypes BS and SB demonstrated significantly higher growth rates than either parental species or advanced-generation hybrid genotypes. Observation of growth rates of advanced-generation hybrids equal to those of the parental species, and heterosis in F1 hybrids for growth rate, suggests that natural hybridization between R. blairi and R. sphenocephala can produce novel and relatively fit hybrid genotypes. Direct measurement of multiple fitness components for hybrid and parental genotypes is critical for assessing the evolutionary potential of natural hybridization in organisms with complex life cycles.

Antarctic marine secondary production and the phenomenon of cold adaptation

1977 ◽  
Vol 279 (963) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
Antarctic Waters ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Mode Of Life

For several years marine biologists of British Antarctic Survey have been studying the nearshore communities at Signy Island and South Georgia. Most of these studies have been continued throughout the year so that variations in production in both the long and short term have been investigated. In this paper changes in the rate of growth of selected crustacean, molluscan and fish species are considered throughout their life histories. Variations in growth rates are considered in relation to temperature, food availability and mode of life and comparisons are made with species from outside antarctic waters.

Life histories of some Benthic invetebrates form streams of the Northern Jarrah Forest, Western Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE Bunn
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Stream Insects ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
High Degree

Life history patterns of thirteen species of invertebrates from streams of the northern jarrah forest were examined over a 1-year period. Five species had univoltine cycles with a single cohort and demonstrated a high degree of synchrony of larval development and a restricted period of adult emergence. Two species of Leptophlebiidae also had univoltine cycles but showed the more typical pattern of Australian mayflies, with extended recruitment, multiple overlapping cohorts and a long period of adult emergence. Uroctena sp., a small gammarid, had a generation time of 1 year but showed considerable spatial variation in the degree of synchrony of development. This appeared to be a result of differences in the constancy of stream discharge and was not attributable to differences in the temperature regime of the streams. At least three species demonstrated cohort splitting which resulted in an apparently bivoltine cycle. A life-history pattern of alternating long and short development times is described which, on average, would produce two generations every 3 years. This is considered to be a highly adaptive strategy for Australian stream insects with slow life cycles and can explain the extended periods of recruitment and adult emergence so often observed. Streams of the northern jarrah forest are depauperate compared with other Australian streams, despite predictable temperature and discharge regimes. The insular nature of the south-west Bassian region and its long period of isolation may be the principle cause of this reduced diversity. The invertebrate community of these streams is simple in structure and has a high degree of seasonality that is atypical of the temperate streams of Australia and New Zealand.

The life histories of some Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera in a southern Ontario stream

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1333-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Coleman ◽  
H. B. N. Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Stream Insects ◽  
Flight Season

The life cycles of 4 species of stonefly and 11 of mayfly are described, based upon the flight season of the adults and measurements of nymphs collected at all seasons from the Speed River. It is shown that they fit into all but one of the categories of life cycle that have been described for stream insects in Europe, and that where more than one species of the same genus coexist there is usually a marked difference in the timing of their life histories.

scholarly journals Robustness of life histories to environmental variability in complex versus simple life cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Habitat Separation ◽  
Simple Life

AbstractMost animal species have a complex life cycle (CLC) with metamorphosis. It is thus of interest to examine possible benefits of such life histories. The prevailing view is that CLC represents an adaptation for genetic decoupling of juvenile and adult traits, thereby allowing life stages to respond independently to different selective forces. Here I propose an additional potential advantage of CLCs that is, decreased variance in population growth rate due to habitat separation of life stages. Habitat separation of pre- and post-metamorphic stages means that the stages will experience different regimes of environmental variability. This is in contrast to species with simple life cycles (SLC) whose life stages often occupy one and the same habitat. The correlation in the fluctuations of the vital rates of life stages is therefore likely to be weaker in complex than in simple life cycles. By a theoretical framework using an analytical approach, I have (1) derived the relative advantage, in terms of long-run growth rate, of CLC over SLC phenotypes for a broad spectrum of life histories, and (2) explored which life histories that benefit most by a CLC, that is avoid correlation in vital rates between life stages. The direction and magnitude of gain depended on life history type and fluctuating vital rate. One implication of our study is that species with CLCs should, on average, be more robust to increased environmental variability caused by global warming than species with SLCs.

scholarly journals Community structure, life histories and secondary production of stoneflies in two small mountain streams with different degree of forest cover

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Beracko ◽  
Andrea Kušnírová ◽  
Michaela Partlová ◽  
Jana Ciceková
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Annual Life Cycle ◽  
Forested Stream ◽  
The Difference

<p>Our study examines community structure and nymphal biology (life cycles and secondary production) of stoneflies in two adjacent mountain streams with different degree of forest cover in the Prosiečanka River Basin (Chočské Vrchy Mts., West Carpathians). One of the streams has non-forested catchment, converted to meadows and pastures, while the other one has catchment with 60% covered by spruce forest. Differences in forest cover and in thermal regime of the streams were reflected by the difference of stonefly communities at their structural and functional level. Species <em>Nemoura cinerea and Leuctra aurita </em>created stonefly assemblage in non-forested stream, whereas <em>Nemoura cinerea</em> also occurred in naturally forested stream together with species <em>Leuctra armata, Leuctra nigra, Leuctra prima, Siphonoperla neglecta</em> and <em>Arcynopteryx dichroa</em>. All examined species had maximally annual life cycle and in eudominant species <em>Nemoura cinerea</em> one month shift was found in nymphal hatching and adult emergence between streams. Total secondary production of stoneflies in undisturbed stream (126.46 mg DW m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>) was more than two times higher than the production in non-forested stream (47.39 mg DW m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>). </p>

scholarly journals Population and biological parameters of selected fish species from the middle Xingu River, Amazon Basin

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 112-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Camargo ◽  
T. Giarrizzo ◽  
VJ. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Xingu River ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Belo Monte

Abstract This study estimates the main biological parameters, including growth rates, asymptotic length, mortality, consumption by biomass, biological yield, and biomass, for the most abundant fish species found on the middle Xingu River, prior to the construction of the Belo Monte Dam. The specimens collected in experimental catches were analysed with empirical equations and length-based FISAT methods. For the 63 fish species studied, high growth rates (K) and high natural mortality (M) were related to early sexual maturation and low longevity. The predominance of species with short life cycles and a reduced number of age classes, determines high rates of stock turnover, which indicates high productivity for fisheries, and a low risk of overfishing.

scholarly journals Epidemic Growth Rates and Host Movement Patterns Shape Management Performance for Pathogen Spillover at The Wildlife-livestock Interface

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia R. Manlove ◽  
Laura M. Sampson ◽  
Benny Borremans ◽  
E. Frances Cassirer ◽  
Ryan S. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Management Performance ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Host Movement

ABSTRACTManaging pathogen spillover at the wildlife-livestock interface is a key step toward improving global animal health, food security, and wildlife conservation. However, predicting the effectiveness of management actions across host-pathogen systems with different life histories is an on-going challenge since data on intervention effectiveness are expensive to collect and results are system-specific. We developed a simulation model to explore how the efficacies of different management strategies vary according to host movement patterns and epidemic growth rates. The model suggested that fast-growing, fast-moving epidemics like avian influenza were best-managed with actions like biosecurity or containment, which limited and localized overall spillover risk. For fast-growing, slower-moving diseases like foot-and-mouth disease, depopulation or prophylactic vaccination were competitive management options. Many actions performed competitively when epidemics grew slowly and host movements were limited, and how management efficacy related to epidemic growth rate or host movement propensity depended on what objective was used to evaluate management performance. This framework may be a useful step in advancing how we classify and prioritise responses to novel pathogen spillover threats, and evaluate current management actions for pathogens emerging at the wildlife-livestock interface.

Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Partial Migration ◽  
Environmental Stochasticity ◽  
Species Dynamics ◽  
Life Cycle Pattern ◽  
Aquatic Sciences ◽  
Diversity Of Life

<em>Abstract</em>.-In the study of species life histories and the structure of diadromous populations, an emerging trend is the prevalence of life cycle diversity-that is, individuals within populations that do not conform to a single life cycle pattern. A rapid rise in publications documenting within-population variability in life cycles has resulted in the use of numerous terms and phrases. We argue that myriad terms specific to taxa, ecosystem types, and applications are in fact describing the same phenomenon-life cycle diversity. This phenomenon has been obscured by the use of multiple terms across applications, but also by the overuse of typologies (i.e., anadromy, catadromy) that fail to convey the extent of life cycle variations that underlay population, metapopulation, and species dynamics. To illustrate this, we review migration and habitat-use terms that have been used to describe life cycles and life cycle variation. Using a citation index (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts © Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts), terms were tallied across taxonomic family, ecosystem, type of application, analytical approach, and country of study. Studies on life cycle diversity have increased threefold during the past 15 years, with a total of 336 papers identified in this review. Most of the 40 terms we identified described either sedentary or migratory lifetime behaviors. The sedentary-migratory dichotomy fits well with the phenomenon of partial migration, which has been commonly reported for birds and Salmonidae and is postulated to be the result of early life thresholds (switch-points). On the other hand, the lexicon supports alternate modes of migration, beyond the simple sedentary-migratory dichotomy. Here more elaborate causal mechanisms such as the entrainment hypothesis may have application. Diversity of life cycles in fish populations, whether due to partial migration, entrainment, or other mechanisms, is increasingly recognized as having the effect of offsetting environmental stochasticity and contributing to long-term persistence.

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