THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OF TEMPERATURE PRETREATMENT ON DIAPAUSE AND ON THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF ADULT EMERGENCE IN MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Krunic ◽  
C. F. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Moderate Temperature ◽  
Prior Treatment ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Megachile Rotundata ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Temperature Pretreatment ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Diapause Development

AbstractThe effect of temperature on prepupal diapause development in the hymenopteran Megachile rotundata (F.) was investigated by storing prepupae at various temperatures from −20° to 28 °C prior to final incubation at 28 °C. Preincubation temperatures of 5°, 10°, and 15 °C proved equally effective for diapause development and for the synchronization of adult emergence. Lower temperatures resulted in less synchronous emergence and higher mortality. When prepupae were exposed to more moderate temperature regimes prior to storage at lower temperatures, adult emergence became more synchronized and mortality declined. A high percentage of bees emerged after storage at 20 °C but their emergence was poorly synchronized. Over 50% of the prepupae stored at 28 °C developed without prior treatment at lower temperature but emergence was even less synchronized. The results of these experiments show that all prepupae diapause but the rate of diapause development becomes increasingly variable above and below an optimal range of 5° to 15 °C.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glatz ◽  
H. du Plessis ◽  
J. Van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Constants ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the reproduction and development of Busseola fusca was studied under laboratory conditions. Single male–female pairs were confined to oviposition chambers kept at 15, 20, 26 and 30 ± 1°C and a 14L:10D photoperiod. Data on reproduction parameters were captured daily. Oviposition occurred at all the mentioned temperatures but no fertility was recorded at 30°C. The total number of eggs laid per female moth was between 300 and 400 and the optimum temperature for oviposition and fertility was between 20 and 26°C. Larval development was studied at five different temperature regimes, i.e. 15, 18, 20, 26 and 30 ± 1°C and a 14L:10D photoperiod. The most favourable temperature as well as the upper threshold temperature for larval development was between 26 and 30°C. Total development period was 152.6–52.6 days, respectively, at 15°C, and 26–30°C. The thermal constants for B. fusca was 99.50, 536.48, 246.25 and 893.66°D and lower temperature thresholds were 10.36, 8.14, 8.99 and 8.84°C, for completion of the egg, larval, pupal and egg-to-adult stages, respectively. Results on the thermal constants and lower and upper threshold temperatures of B. fusca can be used to predict the impact of climate change on the distribution and population growth of this pest.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature and diet on Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) development with special reference to Isomegalen diagram and accumulated degree days

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Defilippo ◽  
A. Grisendi ◽  
S. Savoldelli ◽  
D. Torri ◽  
M. Dottori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Plodia Interpunctella ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
Indian Meal ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

Immature development times of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella were studied in the laboratory at four different constant temperatures (20, 23, 25, 27°C) reared on a standard diet (D1) and chocolate (D2). The minimal duration of development from oviposition to adult emergence was inversely related to temperature, ranging from 2.3±0.36 days to 50.5±0.5 days for D1 and from 36.7±0.53 days to 106.73±1.10 days for D2 for 27°C and 20°C, respectively. The minimum development threshold (tL), obtained from linear regression model of the development rates at the four studied constant temperature regimes, for total immature development is 15.3°C and 17.1°C for D1 and D2, respectively and the accumulated degree days (ADD) for P. interpunctella is 249.51°C for D1 and 358.4°C for D2 above the threshold.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EMERGENCE OF OVERWINTERING PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE APANTELES ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN NOVA SCOTIA

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Phyllonorycter Blancardella ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Threshold Of Development

AbstractAdult emergence of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), and its primary endoparasite, Apanteles ornigis Weed, from overwintering pupae was studied at five constant temperatures. Days to 50% emergence for P. blancardella were 55.4, 24.4, 14.4, 10.8, and 8.3 and for A. ornigis were ∞, 47.8, 25.6, 17.6, and 15.1 at 8°, 12°, 16°, 20°, and 24 °C, respectively. The rate of pupal development was approximately a linear function of temperature for P. blancardella but was nonlinear for A. ornigis. The threshold of development, estimated from the 50% emergence data, was 4.4 ±.33 °C for the host and 9.6 ±.50 °C for the parasite. The development time for the host was approximately one half that for the parasite at temperatures 12°–24 °C. The difference in emergence dates between host and parasite under normal Nova Scotia conditions was predicted to be 35 days. The timing of chemical controls in an integrated pest management program could be predicted from the accumulation of daily development units based on the power function for both species, provided a field study is undertaken to confirm the extrapolation to diurnal temperature regimes.

Effects of constant and changing temperature conditions on diapause induction in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Mironidis ◽  
M. Savopoulou-Soultani
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe effects of photoperiod and temperature on the induction and termination of facultative pupal diapause in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were investigated under laboratory conditions. Exposing H. armigera larvae to both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes with a mean of 25°C and 20°C resulted in a type-III photoperiodic response curve of a short-long day insect. The long-day critical daylengths for diapause induction were ten hours and 12 hours at the constant temperatures of 25°C and 20°C, respectively. Higher incidences of diapause and higher values both for the longer and the shorter critical photoperiods for diapause induction were observed at fluctuating regimes compared with the corresponding constant ones. At alternating temperatures, the incidence of diapause ranged from 4.2% to 33.3% and was determined by the temperature amplitude of the thermoperiod and by the interaction of cryophase or thermophase with the photoperiod. Helicoverpa armigera larvae seem to respond to photoperiodic stimuli at temperatures >15°C and <30°C; all insects entered diapause at a constant temperature of 15°C, whereas none did so at a constant temperature of 30°C under all the photoperiodic regimes examined. Although chilling was not a prerequisite for diapause termination, exposure of diapausing pupae to chilling conditions significantly accelerated diapause development and the time of adult emergence. Therefore, temperature may be the primary factor controlling the termination of diapause in H. armigera.

scholarly journals Changes in respiratory structure and function during post-diapause development in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin A. Owings ◽  
George D. Yocum ◽  
Joseph P. Rinehart ◽  
William P. Kemp ◽  
Kendra J. Greenlee
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Megachile Rotundata ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Spring emergence of Canadian Delia radicum and synchronization with its natural enemy, Aleochara bilineata

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.D. Andreassen ◽  
U. Kuhlmann ◽  
J.W. Whistlecraft ◽  
J.J. Soroka ◽  
P.G. Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Models Of Development ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Truncated Normal ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Spring Emergence

AbstractTo characterize time of spring emergence following post-diapause development, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and southwestern Ontario were collected in fall, maintained over winter at 1 °C, then transferred to higher constant temperatures until adult emergence. At each location there were “early” and “late” phenotypes. Truncated normal models of temperature dependency of development rate were fitted for each phenotype from each location. We provide the first evidence of geographic variation in the criteria separating these phenotypes. Separation criteria and models for early and late phenotypes at the two prairie locations, approximately 700 km apart, were indistinguishable, but differed from those for Ontario. Prairie phenotypes developed more slowly than Ontario phenotypes, and more prairie individuals were of the late phenotype. Poor synchronization of spring emergence could impair predation of D. radicum eggs by adult Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Aleochara bilineata from Manitoba were reared and development rates modelled as for D. radicum. Models of development rates for the two species, when combined with simulated soil temperatures for two prairie locations, suggest that emergence of adult A. bilineata is well synchronized with availability of D. radicum eggs in prairie canola.

scholarly journals A rapidly evolved shift in life history timing during ecological speciation is driven by the transition between developmental phases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Q. Powell ◽  
Andrew Nguyen ◽  
Qinwen Xia ◽  
Jeffrey L. Feder ◽  
Gregory J. Ragland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Data Accessibility ◽  
Seasonal Timing ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Developmental Phases

AbstractFor insect species in temperate environments, seasonal timing is often governed by the regulation of diapause, a complex developmental program that allows insects to weather unfavorable conditions and synchronize their lifecycles with available resources. Diapause consists of a series of phases that govern initiation, maintenance, and termination of this developmental pathway. The evolution of insect seasonal timing depends in part on how these phases of diapause development and post-diapause development interact to affect variation in phenology. Here, we dissect the physiological basis of a recently evolved phenological shift in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model system for ecological divergence. A recently derived population of R. pomonella shifted from specializing on native hawthorn fruit to earlier fruiting introduced apples, resulting in a 3-4 week shift in adult emergence timing. We tracked metabolic rates of individual flies across post-winter development to test which phases of development may act either independently or in combination to contribute to this recently evolved divergence in timing. Apple and hawthorn flies differed in a number of facets of their post-winter developmental trajectories. However, divergent adaptation in adult emergence phenology in these flies was due almost entirely to the end of the pupal diapause maintenance phase, with post-diapause development having a very small effect. The relatively simple underpinnings of variation in adult emergence phenology suggest that further adaptation to seasonal change in these flies for this trait might be largely due to the timing of diapause termination unhindered by strong covariance among different components of post-diapause development.Data accessibilityAll data (in the form of tables of all metabolic rate measurements for all individual flies in the study) will be available on DRYAD when the manuscript is published.

The effect of temperature stress on grain development in wheat

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Asana ◽  
RF Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Stable Characteristic

Experiments were conducted in controlled environments to determine the effects of high temperatures on grain development and yield in wheat. Two Australian and three Indian cultivars of wheat were exposed, from a week after anthesis until maturity, to "day" temperatures of 25, 28, and 3l°C, and "night" temperatures of 9 and 12°C. There was a mean reduction in yield of 16%' for the 6° rise in day temperature, but the cultivars did not differ significantly in their response to these temperatures. There were no significant effects of night temperature on grain weight, but stem weight was less at 12°C. Senescence was hastened only slightly by high day temperature, and there were no differential effects between cultivars in this respect.In a subsidiary experiment one Indian and five Australian cultivars were subjected to three day-night temperature regimes (24/19°, 27/22°, and 30/25°C). Highly significant but complex interactions were established between temperature regime and cultivar. A growth analysis for the Australian cultivars Ridley and Diadem indicated that the developing grain of Ridley had a greater capacity for growth than that of Diadem from the earliest stage. This, together with the confirmation of grain size as a very stable characteristic for all the varieties, points to the developmental and synthetic activity of the grain as an important determinant of grain yield. The relevance of this study to the production of wheat in India is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature, Pressure, and Chemical Composition on the Electrical Conductivity of Schist: Implications for Electrical Structures under the Tibetan Plateau

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Sun ◽  
Lidong Dai ◽  
Heping Li ◽  
Haiying Hu ◽  
Changcai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
High Conductivity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Conductivity Anomalies ◽  
Lower Temperature Range ◽  
Lower Temperature

The experimental study on the electrical conductivities of schists with various contents of alkali ions (CA = K2O + Na2O = 3.94, 5.17, and 5.78 wt.%) were performed at high temperatures (623–1073 K) and high pressures (0.5–2.5 GPa). Experimental results indicated that the conductivities of schist markedly increased with the rise of temperature. Pressure influence on the conductivities of schist was extremely weak at the entire range of experimental temperatures. Alkali ion content has a significant influence on the conductivities of the schist samples in a lower temperature range (623–773 K), and the influence gradually decreases with increasing temperature in a higher temperature range (823–1073 K). In addition, the activation enthalpies for the conductivities of three schist samples were fitted as being 44.16–61.44 kJ/mol. Based on the activation enthalpies and previous studies, impurity alkaline ions (K+ and Na+) were proposed as the charge carriers of schist. Furthermore, electrical conductivities of schist (10−3.5–10−1.5 S/m) were lower than those of high-conductivity layers under the Tibetan Plateau (10−1–100 S/m). It was implied that the presence of schist cannot cause the high-conductivity anomalies in the middle to lower crust beneath the Tibetan Plateau.

Effect of temperature regimes on the stability of the process of drawing optical fibers

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-423
Author(s):  
V. L. Kolpashchikov ◽  
Yu. I. Lanin ◽  
O. G. Martynenko ◽  
A. I. Shnip
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
The Stability
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