EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF CHALCIDOIDEA, MYMARIDAE, AND MYMAROMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: TEREBRANTES)

AbstractTwenty-three characters or character systems of adults and larvae of Terebrantes are analyzed for evidence of monophyly and phyletic relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae. The taxa are considered to be a monophyletic group based on 3 hypothesized synapomorphies: mesotrochanteral depressor without fu2-tr2 or mesoscutal portion of t2-tr2; axillar phragma as site of origin for all or part of t,-tr2 muscle; and independent basal ring absent from male genitalia. The family Mymaridae is considered to be monophyletic based on at least 3 apomorphies: fore wing with hypochaeta; head with frontal, median, and supraorbital sulci; and toruli distinctly closer to inner margin of eye than to each other. Chalcidoidea, including Mymaridae, is considered to be a monophyletic taxon based on 3 apomorphies: prepectus externally visible, at least dorsally adjacent to lateral edge of mesoscutum; mesothoracic spiracle positioned at exposed lateral edge of mesoscutum; and multiporous plate sensilla of antenna with unique structure, as described in text. Mymarommatidae is considered to be the monophyletic sister group of Chalcidoidea based on several apomorphies, including 4 autapomorphies: head composed of frontal and occipital sclerites, which are connected by pleated membrane along hyperoccipital region; hind wing stalk-like, without membrane and terminated in bifurcation that clasps fore wing; fore wing with reticulate pattern formed by raised lineations of membrane; and axillar portion of t2-tr2 muscle absent. Phyletic relationship of Serphitidae with Mymarommatidae is deemed inconclusive because relevant internal character states of amber fossil serphitids cannot be determined. It is suggested that mymarommatids be accorded family status, but not be assigned to superfamily until phyletic relationships are more accurately determined in Terebrantes. A matrix summarizes character-state distribution of most characters analyzed for Terebrantes, and a cladogram illustrates hypotheses of character-state evolution and proposed relationships.

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Corrigenda: Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345–395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420

Zoosystematics and Evolution ◽

10.3897/zse.96.56272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 637-637

Author(s):

Karla D. A. Soares ◽

Marcelo R. de Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Comparative Morphology ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Data Matrix ◽

Internal Morphology ◽

The Family ◽

Almost All ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Meristic Data

The genus Scyliorhinus is part of the family Scyliorhinidae, the most diverse family of sharks and of the subfamily Scyliorhininae along with Cephaloscyllium and Poroderma. This study reviews the phylogenetic relationships of species of Scyliorhinus in the subfamily Scyliorhininae. Specimens of all Scyliorhinus species were examined as well as specimens of four of the 18 species of Cephaloscyllium, two species of Poroderma, representatives of almost all other catshark (scyliorhinid) genera and one proscylliid (Proscyllium habereri). A detailed morphological study, including external and internal morphology, morphometry and meristic data, was performed. From this study, a total of 84 morphological characters were compiled into a data matrix. Parsimony analysis was employed to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships using the TNT 1.1. Proscyllium habereri was used to root the cladogram. The phylogenetic analysis, based on implied weighting (k = 3; 300 replications and 100 trees saved per replication), resulted in three equally most parsimonious cladograms with 233 steps, with a CI of 0.37 and an RI of 0.69. The monophyly of the subfamily Scyliorhininae is supported as well as of the genus Scyliorhinus, which is proposed to be the sister group of Cephaloscyllium. The phylogenetic relationships amongst Scyliorhinus species are presented for the frst time.

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Taxonomy and phylogeny of the fossil family Elektraphididae Steffan, 1968 (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)

Insect Systematics & Evolution ◽

10.1163/187631276x00081 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ole E. Heie

Keyword(s):

Hind Wing ◽

Parallel Evolution ◽

Sister Group ◽

The Other ◽

Baltic Amber ◽

Zoological Museum ◽

The Family ◽

New Diagnosis

AbstractThe fossil aphid Schizoneurites obliquus n.sp. from the Copenhagen collection of Baltic amber insects is described; the presence of one oblique vein in the hind wing separates it from the six previously described species of this genus, Schizoneurites Cockerell, 1915, of which Antiquaphis Heie, 1967, and Elektraphis Steffan, 1968, are synonyms. A new diagnosis of the genus and a key to the species are given. In specimens of S. robustus (Heie, 1967) and S. fossilis (Heie, 1967) occurring among the other Baltic amber insects recently acquired by the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, structures resembling the rhinaria in Adelges Vallot are visible on the three terminal antennal segments, confirming the view held by Steffan (1968) that the group belongs in the Aphidina ovipara. The rhinaria, which have not been seen before, also shows that Schizoneurites, the only genus within the family Elektraphididae Steffan, 1968, together with the Adelgidae, forms a group, of which the Phylloxeridae is the sister group. The synapomorphies of the Elektraphididae and Phylloxeridae are explained as results of convergent or parallel evolution.

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Systematics and phylogeny of Oecopetalum (Metteniusaceae), a genus of trees endemic to North and Central America

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v67i4.33367 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Humberto Adrian Hernández Urban ◽

Diego Francisco Angulo ◽

Maite Lascurain-Rangel ◽

Sergio Avendaño-Reyes ◽

Lilia Lorena Can ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Central America ◽

High Latitude ◽

Sister Group ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Chloroplast Genes ◽

Geographic Pattern ◽

The Family ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Generic Relationships

The genus Oecopetalum Greenm. & C.H. Thomps. (Metteniusaceae) is distributed in the southeastern portion of Mexico to Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica). Three species have been described and two have been reported as edible. We studied herbarium specimens of the genus Oecopetalum and performed a phylogenetic analysis based on the chloroplast genes matK and ndhF to answers to main questions: How many species are in the genus Oecopetalum? Is the genus Oecopetalum monophyletic? What are the generic relationships with other members of the family? Oecopetalum is a monophyletic genus with only two species. Pittosporosis is the sister group of Oecopetalum. The Trans-Atlantic relationship of Oecopetalum and Pittosporosis is a recurrent geographic pattern in the family Mettenuisaceae as well as in the family Icacinaceae. Our results, in concordance with fossil evidence and relationships of other groups, support the Boreotropical model of high-latitude terrestrial migrations of tropical taxa during the globally warm Paleocene–Eocene.

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Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology

Zoosystematics and Evolution ◽

10.3897/zse.96.52420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 345-395

Author(s):

Karla D. A. Soares ◽

Marcelo R. de Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Comparative Morphology ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Data Matrix ◽

The Family ◽

Almost All ◽

Relationship Of ◽

First Time ◽

Meristic Data

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RELATIONSHIP OF THE ORDER APIALES TO SUBCLASS ASTERIDAE: A RE-EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS BASED ON INSIGHTS FROM MOLECULAR DATA

Edinburgh Journal of Botany ◽

10.1017/s0960428601000567 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 183-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

G. M. PLUNKETT

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Morphological Character ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Monophyletic Group ◽

Character State ◽

Molecular Analyses ◽

Taxonomic Level ◽

State Evolution ◽

Relationship Of

Phylogenetic relationships involving the angiosperm order Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) are troublesome at nearly every taxonomic level and have eluded several generations of botanists. Because of difficulties in interpreting and polarizing morphological character states at deeper phylogenetic levels, most studies in Apiales have focused on relationships between the two families and among/within the apialean genera. In the present study, however, recent contributions from molecular analyses are reviewed and combined using a ‘supertree’ approach to test traditional hypotheses of relationships involving Apiales, and to re-evaluate assumptions of character-state evolution in the order. Results from this study confirm that Apiales form a monophyletic group with Pittosporaceae (along with Griselinia G. Forst., Melanophylla Baker, Torricellia DC. and Aralidium Miq.), and should be transferred out of subclass Rosidae (away from both Cornales and Sapindales) to the Asteridae (in a position close to Asterales and Dipsacales). These findings are also supported by several lines of morphological, anatomical, and phytochemical evidence, and provide a more satisfactory framework for interpreting relationships and character-state evolution within the major clades of Apiales.

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A new early Cambrian bradoriid (Arthropoda) from East Antarctica

Journal of Paleontology ◽

10.1017/s0022336000044425 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 691-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alycia L. Rode ◽

Bruce S. Lieberman ◽

A. J. Rowell

Keyword(s):

Lower Cambrian ◽

New Genus ◽

Sister Group ◽

East Antarctica ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Early Cambrian ◽

New Genus And Species ◽

The Family ◽

Relationship Of

Although bradoriids locally are common components of the Cambrian biota, they have been reported previously from Antarctica only from Tertiary glacial deposits. Here, we describe the bradoriid,Bicarinella evansinew genus and species, collected in situ from the upper Lower Cambrian (Botomian) of the Pensacola Mountains in East Antarctica.Bicarinella evansin. gen and sp. is characterized by a subtriangular carapace with a well-defined marginal rim, subequal anterior and posterior lobes that are elongated into sharp ridges extending one-third the length of the carapace, and a broad dorsal node placed between the anterior and posterior lobes. The surface of the carapace exhibits three kinds of ornamentation: fine pitting, pustules, and reticulae. Several smaller carapaces with reduced ornamentation collected from the same bed are interpreted as instars of this species.Bicarinellan. gen. is assigned to the family Hipponicharionidae and appears to be closely related toAlbrunnicolaMartinsson, 1979, orHipponicharionMatthew, 1886. Although strong archaeocyath faunal similarities demonstrate a close biogeographic relationship between Australia and Antarctica in the Early Cambrian, the possible sister group relationship ofBicarinellan. gen. toHipponicharion, which is otherwise unknown from Gondwana, may suggest a separate biogeographic pathway to East Antarctica that did not involve Australia.

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Skeletomusculature of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): head and mesosoma

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1571.1.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1571 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

ISTVÁN MIKÓ ◽

LARS VILHELMSEN ◽

NORMAN F. JOHNSON ◽

LUBOMIR MASNER ◽

ZSOLT PÉNZES

Keyword(s):

Fore Wing ◽

Hind Wing ◽

Parasitoid Wasp ◽

Head Capsule ◽

Serial Homology ◽

Skeletal Structures ◽

Internal Structures ◽

The Family ◽

Anterior Extension ◽

First Time

The skeletomusculature of the head and mesosoma of the parasitoid wasp family Scelionidae is reviewed. Representatives of 27 scelionid genera are examined together with 13 non-scelionid taxa for comparison. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes, muscles and putative exocrine gland openings; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 229 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 84 are newly established or redefined. 67 muscles of the head and mesosoma are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa. The presence of the cranio-antennal muscle, an extrinsic antennal muscle originating from the head capsule, is unique for Scelionidae. The dorsally bent epistomal sulcus and the corresponding internal epistomal ridge extend to the anterior margin of the oral foramen, the clypeo-pleurostomal line is absent and the tentorium is fused with the pleurostomal condyle. The frontal ledge is present in those scelionid genera having the anterior mandibular articulation located on the lateral margin of the oral foramen. The ledge corresponds to the site of origin of the mandibular abductor muscle, which is displaced from the genal area to the top of the frons. The protractor of the pharyngeal plate originates dorsally of the antennal foramen in Scelionidae. All scelionid genera have a postgenal bridge developed between the oral and occipital foramina. The propleural arm is reduced, muscles originating from the propleural arm in other Hymenoptera are situated on other propectal structures in Scelionidae. The profurcal bridge is absent. The first flexor of the fore wing originates from the posteroventral part of the pronotum in Scelionidae and Vanhorniidae, whereas the muscle originatesfrom the mesopleuron in all other Hymenoptera. The netrion apodeme anteriorly limits the site of origin of the first flexor of the fore wing. Three types of netrion are described on the basis of the relative position of the netrion apodeme and the posterior pronotal inflection. The occlusor muscle apodeme is absent in basal Scelionidae, the fan-shaped muscle originates from the pronotum. In Nixonia the muscle originates posterior to the netrion apodeme. The skaphion apodeme crosses the site of origin of the longitudinal flight muscle. The lateral and dorsal axillar surfaces and the axillar carina are defined and described for the first time in Platygastroidea. The retractor of the mesoscutum is reported in Scelionidae and the variability of the muscle and corresponding skeletal structures within the family is described. The term sternaulus is redefined on the basis of the site of origin of the mesopleuro-mesobasalare muscle. The term speculum is adopted from Ichneumonidae and Cynipoidea taxonomy on the basis of the site of origin of the mesopleuro-mesofurcal muscle. The remnants of the mesopleural ridge, sulcus and mesopleural arm and pit and the putative border between the mesepisternum and mesepimeron is discussed. The mesopleural depressor of the mesotrochanter sensu Gibson 1985 originates from the anterior extension of the mesofurca and therefore the muscle is redefined and referred to in the present study as the lateral mesofurco-mesotrochanteral muscle. In Nixonia, Sparasion, Idris and Gryon both the lateral and median mesofurco-mesotrochanteral muscles are present. The lateral mesofurco-mesotrochanteral muscle is present in Platygastridae. The second flexor of the hind wing at least partly originates from the posteriorly delimited area of the mesopectus in Scelionidae similarly to some other Proctotrupomorpha and Chalcidoidea. The serial homology of this area and the netrion is discussed. The possible serial homology of the medially elevated area of the metanotum and mesoscutellum and the usage of the term metascutellum in Apocrita is discussed with the descriptions of correlated internal structures. The anterior metanotal wing process is located on the independent humeral sclerite in Scelionidae, similar to other Apocrita except Cynipoidea. The metanotal depressor of the metatrochanter originates from the humeral sclerite in Scelionidae as well as in some other Proctotrupoidea. The metapleuron is extended secondarily dorsally of the metapleural ridge and corresponding metapleural sulcus in Scelionidae. In Telenominae, Gryonini and Baeini the metafurca is located posteriorly on the metadiscrimenal lamella.

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Phylogenetics and systematics of Angiostrongylus lungworms and related taxa (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) inferred from the nuclear small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA sequences

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x14000108 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 317-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. Eamsobhana ◽

P.E. Lim ◽

H.S. Yong

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

Small Subunit ◽

Ssu Rdna ◽

Supporting Evidence ◽

Family Status ◽

Rdna Sequences ◽

The Family ◽

Family Level ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Relationship Of

AbstractThe Angiostrongylus lungworms are of public health and veterinary concern in many countries. At the family level, the Angiostrongylus lungworms have been included in the family Angiostrongylidae or the family Metastrongylidae. The present study was undertaken to determine the usefulness and suitability of the nuclear 18S (small subunit, SSU) rDNA sequences for differentiating various taxa of the genus Angiostrongylus, as well as to determine the systematics and phylogenetic relationship of Angiostrongylus species and other metastrongyloid taxa. This study revealed six 18S (SSU) haplotypes in A. cantonensis, indicating considerable genetic diversity. The uncorrected pairwise ‘p’ distances among A. cantonensis ranged from 0 to 0.86%. The 18S (SSU) rDNA sequences unequivocally distinguished the five Angiostrongylus species, confirmed the close relationship of A. cantonensis and A. malaysiensis and that of A. costaricensis and A. dujardini, and were consistent with the family status of Angiostrongylidae and Metastrongylidae. In all cases, the congeneric metastrongyloid species clustered together. There was no supporting evidence to include the genus Skrjabingylus as a member of Metastrongylidae. The genera Aelurostrongylus and Didelphostrongylus were not recovered with Angiostrongylus, indicating polyphyly of the Angiostrongylidae. Of the currently recognized families of Metastrongyloidea, only Crenosomatidae appeared to be monophyletic. In view of the unsettled questions regarding the phylogenetic relationships of various taxa of the metastrongyloid worms, further analyses using more markers and more taxa are warranted.

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Lemnaceae and Orontiaceae Are Phylogenetically and Morphologically Distinct from Araceae

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10122639 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2639

Author(s):

Nicholas P. Tippery ◽

Donald H. Les ◽

Klaus J. Appenroth ◽

Kandregula Sowjanya Sree ◽

Daniel J. Crawford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationship ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Family Status ◽

Close Phylogenetic Relationship ◽

The Family ◽

Relationship Of

Duckweeds comprise a distinctive clade of pleustophytic monocots that traditionally has been classified as the family Lemnaceae. However, molecular evidence has called into question their phylogenetic independence, with some authors asserting instead that duckweeds should be reclassified as subfamily Lemnoideae of an expanded family Araceae. Although a close phylogenetic relationship of duckweeds with traditional Araceae has been supported by multiple studies, the taxonomic disposition of duckweeds must be evaluated more critically to promote nomenclatural stability and utility. Subsuming duckweeds as a morphologically incongruent lineage of Araceae effectively eliminates the family category of Lemnaceae that has been widely used for many years. Instead, we suggest that Araceae subfamily Orontioideae should be restored to family status as Orontiaceae, which thereby would enable the recognition of three morphologically and phylogenetically distinct lineages: Araceae, Lemnaceae, and Orontiaceae.

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Homology of the astragalus and structure and function of the tarsus of Diadectidae

Journal of Paleontology ◽

10.1017/s002233600004350x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 172-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David S Berman ◽

Amy C. Henrici

Keyword(s):

Sister Group ◽

The Body ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Structural Pattern ◽

Tarsal Bones ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Family ◽

Close Relationship ◽

And Function ◽

Relationship Of

Superbly preserved tarsi of a new, undescribed, primitive member of Diadectidae and of Diadectes, the best known member of the family, are described. The major distinction between them is the retention of sutures in the astragalus of the former which clearly indicate an origin from the fusion of three separate ossifications considered homologues of the primitive amphibian tibiale, intermedium, and proximal centrale. Among the Diadectomorpha (includes also Limnoscelidae and Tseajaiidae) only Diadectidae possesses an astragalus, which is considered a synapomorphy of the family within this grouping. Furthermore, the sister-group relationship of the new, undescribed diadectid to the other diadectids demonstrates a transformational, phylogenetic homology of the astragalus via the ontogenetic fusion of the primitive amphibian tarsal bones. The astragalus of diadectids is identical to those of late Paleozoic terrestrial amniotes in structure and relationship to neighboring elements. This, plus the wide acceptance of a close relationship between Diadectomorpha and Amniota, is cited as suggestive of an identical developmental origin of their astragali.In diadectids, including fully mature individuals, an unusual reduction or absence of ossification of some central and distal tarsal bones has resulted in an unique tarsus with large unoccupied areas and a structural pattern in which the only bony link between the tarsus and the digits is via the fourth distal tarsal, producing a crude facsimile of the lacertilian mesotarsal joint. Such a joint would have permitted, as in lacertilians, a wide range of movements which may have served several important functions: 1) maintaining an anteriorly directed pes to maximize the force of its posterior thrust during limb retraction, 2) placement of the pes close to the body midline for greater stride length and more efficient support and greater maneuverability during locomotion.

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