RATE OF DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, AND MASS-REARING OF APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.G. Nealis ◽  
S. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Dependent Rate ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Adult Wasp

AbstractThe temperature-dependent rate of development of the post-diapause larval and pupal stages of the spruce budworm parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae Vier., was estimated under controlled conditions. Parasitoid larvae required 289.0 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.1 °C to complete development and the pupae required 106.2 DD above a threshold of 9.6 °C to complete development. Longevity of the adult wasp at several temperatures also was examined. Female wasps lived longer than male wasps at all temperatures. Wasps tended to mate more readily under natural than under artificial light conditions.Newly emerged female A. fumiferanae had few, if any, mature eggs in their ovaries. The number of mature eggs increased to a peak of 40–75 eggs, 4–12 days after eclosion of the adult. The pattern in number of ovipositions was similar to this pattern of egg availability. The daily rate of oviposition, however, was only about one-quarter the number of eggs available.These biological measurements are discussed in view of the development of a mass-rearing technique for this parasitoid.

Development rate, fecundity and lifespan of apterae of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), under controlled conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Aalbersberg ◽  
F. Du Toit ◽  
M. C. Van Der Westhuizen ◽  
P. H. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Diuraphis Noxia ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Time Required

AbstractThe rate of development, fecundity and lifespan of apterae of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) were determined at five sets of temperature and daylength conditions. The time required to complete pre-imaginal growth at mean daily temperatures of 10, 13, 14, 17·25 and 20°C was 19·70, 12·09, 11·25, 9·88 and 8·17 days, respectively. The threshold for development was estimated to be 0·54°C and the number of day-degrees C required to complete development was 158·73.

scholarly journals (194) Quality Parameters in `Flame Seedless' Table Grapes Growing in Two Different Microclimatic Areas in Chile

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1050B-1050
Author(s):  
L. Antonio Lizana ◽  
Jorge M. Sandoval ◽  
Manuel Pinto ◽  
Luis Luchsinger
Keyword(s):  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Acid Degradation ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Dependent Rate ◽  
Set Up

An experiment was set up to elucidate the causes of differences in harvest time in the adjacent grape-growing areas of Rapel and Sotaqui in the Limari Valley, Chile. Berry samples of `Flame Seedless' were collected from each area, from 10 days after last GA spray until harvest (December to February). Soluble solids (SS), titrable acidity (TA), and SS/TA ratios were analyzed and days from full bloom to harvest, growing degree days, and ambient temperatures were recorded. In Rapel, full bloom was 25 Sept.; the harvest by 16 °Brix, started on 3 Jan., and the harvest by 20:1 SS/TA ratio (min. 15.5 °Brix) on 28 Dec. (11, 16, and 24 days earlier, respectively, than Sotaqui). Degree-days (DD) at harvest (16 °Brix) were 1058 in Rapel and 837 DD in Sotaqui. In the last 50 days prior to harvest, berry acidity was always lower in Rapel, decreasing from 0.87% to 0.47%, while in Sotaqui berry acidity decreased from 1.96% to 0.86%. From 20 Dec. to 2 Jan., the acidity did not decrease significantly (1.96% to 1.84%), but in the next 3 weeks decreased to 0.68%. This difference in the rate of acid degradation is related to the increase in minimum night temperatures in this same period of berry growth. It is concluded that the minimum temperature-dependent rate of organic acid degradation is the main factor influencing the SS/TA harvest index parameter.

scholarly journals Method for maintenance of coffee leaves in vitro for mass rearing of Leucoptera coffeellum (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Reis Jr. ◽  
Lima ◽  
Evaldo F. Vilela ◽  
Raimundo S. Barros
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Leaf Survival ◽  
The Ideal

To accomplish systematic studies with coffee leafminer, it is necessary to establish a mass rearing system under artificial conditions. It is possible to rear this species, from egg to adult, under laboratory conditions, without using coffee seedlings but detached leaves maintained in vitro. Synthetic cytokinins are routinely used for maintenance of plant cell and plant tissues in vitro. Two plant growth regulators, benzyladenin and kinetin, in concentrations 10-6 and 10-7 M were used to mantain the leaves. Green leaves collected in the field were maintained in the solution to be tested. Distilled water served as control. The experiment lasted 30 days, a period longer than the necessary for the complete development of the insect. Both artificial cytokinines indeed increased the lifetime of the coffee leaves, maintaining them green and healthy. Leaves placed in the cages for oviposition were attractive to the insect, with significant number of eggs per leaf. In most cases, eggs resulted in individuals that completed the whole developmental cycle. Tests with regulator in different concentrations with healthy leaves showed efficiency. However, we believe that hormone concentrations to be used with mined leaves should be larger, because these when maintained at 10-7 M leaves did not present a satisfactory lifetime. Therefore, tests with mined leaves with different hormone concentrations should be made to find out the ideal concentration for leaf survival. In our laboratory we are successfully using 10-6 M benzyladenin for the maintenance of mined leaves.

Temperature dependent rate coefficients for the reaction of OH radicals with dimethylbenzoquinones

2015 ◽  
Vol 639 ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iustinian Bejan ◽  
Ian Barnes ◽  
Peter Wiesen ◽  
John C. Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Rate

Gas-phase ozonolysis of β-ocimene: Temperature dependent rate coefficients and product distribution

2016 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Gaona-Colmán ◽  
María B. Blanco ◽  
Ian Barnes ◽  
Mariano A. Teruel
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Rate

Temperature‐dependent rate coefficients for the gas‐phase OH + furan‐2,5‐dione (C 4 H 2 O 3 , maleic anhydride) reaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparajeo Chattopadhyay ◽  
Vassileios C. Papadimitriou ◽  
Paul Marshall ◽  
James B. Burkholder
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Rate

A METHOD FOR REARING VARIOUS SPECIES OF SOCIAL WASPS OF THE GENUS POLISTES (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1013-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Gibo
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Social Wasps ◽  
Colony Founding ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Caste Differences

Wasps of the genus Polistes have a number of characteristics that make them particularly suitable for studies on insect social behaviour. The females construct nests with exposed combs, have a reasonably complex social behaviour, and usually lack obvious morphological caste differences. In addition, the adults of many species establish colonies as groups of siblings (foundress associations), a method which is intermediate between colony founding by swarming, and colony founding by individual queens (Wilson 1971). Because of these characteristics, Polistes have been of interest to biologists who are concerned with the evolution of social behaviour in insects (e.g. Alexander 1974, Gibo 1974, Lin and Michener 1972, West 1967, West Eberhard 1969, 1975). Consequently, there is a need for a simple technique for rearing various species of Polistes under controlled conditions. Gibo (1974) briefly described modifications of Gillaspy's (1971) rearing method for P. apachus which made mass rearing of P. fascatus possible. This note describes the modified method in greater detail, and includes improvements that have resulted in increased yield and greater synchrony of colony growth. The improvements have been developed over 3 years and the method has been used to rear more than 100 colonies of various species of Polistes, including P. fuscatus, P. apachus, and P. dorsalis.

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