Domestication of wheats (Gramineae) and their susceptibility to herbivory by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Wise ◽  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
M.A.H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Triticum Dicoccoides ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Triticum Spelta ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Free Threshing ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractIn field and laboratory tests the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), oviposited and developed on all 43 accessions of 17 species of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, Triticum L. spp. Ancestral diploid wild wheats had the lowest infestations among species in the genus, and two hexaploid species, Triticum sphaerococcum Percival and Triticum zhukovskyi Men. and Er., were more heavily infested than common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. In five lineages recognized in the genus, infestation increased in association with domestication, although not always in a continuous way. The level of infestation was not related to seed size or the number of seeds in spikes. Wheat species with free-threshing seeds and compact spikes were more infested by larvae than ancestral wheat species with less compact spikes and glumes that were either affixed to or pressed tightly against the seed. An association between glume tightness and spike compactness may explain the positive correlation between susceptibility and spike compactness. Domestication increased the susceptibility of crop wheats to wheat midge, possibly because the free-threshing trait affects the suitability of the glume–seed interface for oviposition and establishment of larvae on the seeds. The ancestral cultivated wheats, Triticum spelta L. and Triticum dicoccoides Körn., are promising sources of resistance to wheat midge because they have the same genomes as modern wheats and relatively low susceptibility. One free-threshing accession of Triticum dicoccum Schrank had relatively low susceptibility to wheat midge and may provide a source of resistance.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE METAL CONTENT IN SOME FLOURS AND PASTES OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT WHEAT SPECIES

1970 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Diana Raba ◽  
Iosif Gherhen ◽  
Florina Furdi
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Triticum Spelta ◽  
Basic Composition ◽  
Different Types

In the present paper, we followed to determine the metal content in some different types of flour obtained from different wheat species, and in several pastes that contain flour made out of the Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum si Triticum spelta wheat species in their basic composition. In order to do this we have analyzed 10 samples: 2 flours and 8 pastes harvested from random stores, belonging to different local and foreign manufacturers. In the same time, we tryed to identify the wheat species used to produce the pastes, analyzing them depending on the metal content. The determination has been realysed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, the analyzed metals being: Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, K şi Na.

Making control decisions for Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in wheat (Gramineae) using sticky traps

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
J.E. Gavloski ◽  
L.A. Kaminski ◽  
O.O. Olfert
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Wheat midge larvae, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), attack developing seeds and cause losses of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf. (Olfert et al. 1985; Lamb et al. 1999). Insecticide applied as the crop flowers can reduce damage (Elliott 1988). The economic threshold varies from 4 to 7% of common wheat seeds infested by larvae, depending upon grade of wheat and cost of insecticidal control (Lamb et al. 2000). To make control decisions, farmers count adults at sunset during the period from heading to flowering (Elliott and Mann 1996), and apply insecticide if densities reach a nominal threshold of one adult per four or five wheat spikes (Anonymous 1993). Decisions must be made although no relationship has been detected between the number of adults in the crop and subsequent densities of damaging larvae (Oakley et al. 1998), and farmers have little confidence in their counts. The pest is difficult to sample because adults are small, short-lived, crepuscular, and are usually hidden in the crop canopy (Pivnick and Labbé 1993); eggs are microscopic (Mukerji et al. 1988); larvae feed inside florets (Lamb et al. 2000); and mature larvae and pupae are in the soil (Lamb et al. 1999). Sticky traps have been used to sample midges in sorghum (Merchant and Teetes 1992) and in wheat (Oakley et al. 1998), with mixed results. Our objective was to determine if catches of wheat midge adults on sticky traps can effectively guide farmers in making control decisions.

Oviposition deterrence against Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in spring wheat (Gramineae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
R.I.H. McKenzie ◽  
J. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wheat Line ◽  
Oviposition Deterrence ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Field Plots

AbstractSpring wheats, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as being lightly infested by eggs or larvae of wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were tested to determine if reduced infestation was the result of oviposition deterrence. Oviposition deterrence was measured as the number of eggs deposited on a wheat line relative to that on a check. Egg densities on some of these lines were 10% or less compared with the susceptible commercial cultivar 'Roblin' in choice tests and 20% or less in no-choice tests in the laboratory. These lines also deterred oviposition in the field, reducing egg densities by at least 50% in single-row and multi-row field plots. Other experimental lines showed levels of oviposition deterrence intermediate between the most deterrent lines and 'Roblin'. One of 12 commercial cultivars tested, 'AC Superb', also had low egg densities in the laboratory and in single-row field tests, but this possible oviposition deterrence was not consistently present in large plots or commercial fields. The most deterrent experimental lines showed a level of oviposition deterrence that would be agriculturally useful and desirable in combination with a previously described antibiotic resistance.

Oviposition deterrence to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): a source of resistance for durum wheat (Gramineae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
P. Clarke ◽  
J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Oviposition Deterrence ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Close Relatives

AbstractOver 250 durum wheats, Triticum durum Desf., and close relatives were screened for resistance to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). Less than 2% showed consistently reduced egg and larval densities in field and laboratory trials. Two related accessions named ’Kahla’ had stable, low larval infestation levels, which were about 30% of those in commercial durum wheat cultivars. No antibiosis was detected in durum wheats. The reduction in infestation by larvae was associated with a similar reduction in oviposition. The resistance reduced egg densities by 80% or more in choice and no-choice laboratory tests and by about 70% in the field. Egg group size was not affected, and therefore reduced oviposition must have resulted from the number of egg groups deposited by females. The resistance was not associated with any of 12 morphological traits that were quantified for spikes. ’Kahla’ is the first durum wheat identified to have resistance against the wheat midge.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RED SPRING WHEAT, TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. CV. KATEPWA, DURING HEADING AND ANTHESIS TO DAMAGE BY WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Elliott ◽  
L.W. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Potential Factors

AbstractIn a 3-year field study, potted plants of ‘Katepwa’ wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were exposed to ovipositing wheat midge. Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), to determine when spikes are most susceptible to damage. After exposure, plants were maintained under controlled conditions for 4 weeks and examined for wheal midge larvae and damaged kernels, ‘Katepwa’ wheat became susceptible to wheat midge damage shortly after spikes emerged from the boot leaf. Location of larvae and damaged kernels within spikes was influenced by the duration spikelets were exposed to oviposition and pattern of anthesis within spikes. In 1992, frequencies of larvae and damaged kernels were 60–90 times higher in spikes exposed to oviposition during advanced heading (stages 57–59, Zadoks’ code) than in those exposed during flowering (stages 61–69). Kernel damage in spikes exposed to oviposition during stages 57–59, 61–65, and 65–70 was 48.5, 3.2, and 0.2%, respectively, in 1993 and 21.2, 1.0, and 0.6%, respectively, in 1994. Data indicated that susceptibility to midge damage declined 15- to 25-fold between heading and early anthesis and 35- to 240-fold between heading and advanced anthesis. Potential factors contributing to these declines and concomitant reductions in larval frequencies are discussed.Commercial fields of ‘Katepwa’ wheat should be monitored for ovipositing wheat midge throughout heading (stages 51–59) when spikes are most vulnerable to damage. Larval survival and kernel damage were so low after stage 61 that monitoring during anthesis should be unnecessary. Intensive inspection of fields throughout heading would ensure that chemical treatments are applied when they are necessary and most effective.

RESISTANCE TO SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT (GRAMINEAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
R.I.H. McKenzie ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
P.S. Barker ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Seed Surface ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
High Level

AbstractCultivars of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as possible sources of resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were crossed with spring wheat to produce lines with a spring growth habit and assure synchrony between insect and plant. Many of the lines showed low levels of infestation by wheat midge in the field, and 21 of these were tested for resistance in the laboratory. All test lines exhibited resistance, ranging from 58 to 100% suppression of larvae and 70 to 100% suppression of seed damage, compared with a susceptible line. Larval development was delayed and survival was reduced on all lines. This antibiosis was associated with a hypersensitive reaction in the seed surface. The hypersensitive reaction, or feeding damage by young larvae before they died, reduced the biomass of some infested resistant seeds by 28% compared with over 60% for infested susceptible seeds. Some lines also reduced the level of infestation either through oviposition deterrence or a resistance which prevented newly hatched larvae from establishing on the seed surface. A few lines also reduced the hatching rate of wheat midge eggs. The resistance was equally effective in field trials during two consecutive summers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with at least a 20-times difference in the level of infestation between susceptible and resistant wheats. No larvae could develop to maturity on some resistant lines. Large plots of one resistant line produced less than 1% as many larvae as a typical susceptible wheat, and the larvae that did survive produced few, small adults. This resistance is the first documented case of a high level of true resistance to wheat midge in spring wheat, distinct from asynchrony between the insect and susceptible stage of the plant. The antibiosis component of the resistance is currently being incorporated in cultivars suitable for production in western Canada.

scholarly journals Occurrence of the orange wheat blossom midge [Diptera :Cecidomyiidae] in Quebec and its incidence on wheat grain microflora

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mongrain ◽  
L. Couture ◽  
J.-P. Dubuc ◽  
A. Comeau
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Wheat Blossom Midge

Samples of wheat spikes (Triticum aestivum) were collected in the summer of 1995 from different crop districts in Quebec and the occurrence of orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana) and seed microflora were determined. Estimated yield loss caused by wheat midge larvae averaged 6.3%. The percentage of infested spikes was significantly correlated with total seed contamination by fungi and bacteria (r = 0.79). The specific occurrence of Fusarium graminearum in grains was also significantly correlated with number of larvae per spike (r = 0.67) or per spikelet (r = 0.67). Consequently, the wheat midge might play a role in dissemination of F. graminearum.

scholarly journals Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Grażyna Podolska ◽  
Edyta Aleksandrowicz ◽  
Anna Szafrańska
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Triticum Spelta ◽  
State Research Institute ◽  
Dough Quality ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of two winter wheat species: Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare, and Triticum spelta, cultivated in different percentage of cereals in crop rotation, on their bread making potential. The analyzed grain samples were obtained from a field experiment conducted during three years 2014-2016 at the Experimental Station in Osiny (51°35’, 21°55’), Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland. The experiment was established following different percentages of shared cereals in crop rotation (SCCR): 50, 75 and 100%. Wheat cultivation was performed in accordance with good agricultural practice standards. Protein content, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation index and alveograph properties were determined. Wheat species strongly influenced bread potential. The Triticum aestivum compared to Triticum spelta was characterized by significantly higher gluten quality and Zeleny sedimentation index as well as better alveograph properties. Common wheat showed the highest baking value (W). Spelt wheat was characterized by the lowest tenacity (P) and the highest extensibility (L). Moreover, the percentage of cereals in crop rotation had an effect on grain and dough quality parameters. Cultivation of wheat in 100% share of cereals resulted in the lowest grain and dough quality.

Possible sources of resistance to the wheat midge in wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Barker ◽  
R. I. H. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

The objective of this study was to find resistance in wheat cultivars to the wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana [Géhin]). A total of 61 spring and 61 winter wheats were assayed in 1992 to 1994. Thirteen selected cultivars were planted in 1994. Three kinds of apparent response to midge infestation were found. Eight winter wheat cultivars suffered neither the usual typical kind nor high numbers of shrivelling of the seeds often attributed to the midge, but produced instead small numbers of shorter and more rounded (tubby) seeds which could be due to midge activity. Cultivar RL5708 differed from all other cultivars in that it showed low proportions of damaged seeds, which were often associated with dead midge larvae. The third group included lines and cultivars showing the typical shrivelling of the seeds due to the wheat midge. In 1993 most late-planted spring wheat cultivars were less affected by the midge than the same cultivars planted earlier probably because of asynchrony between times of wheat flowering and midge opposition. The incorporation of resistance to the wheat midge into hard red spring wheats should contribute to a reduction of wheat losses in years when wheat midge are abundant. Key words: Winter wheat, spring wheat, wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, resistance

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