Behaviour of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on spring wheat spikes with and without oviposition deterrence

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 574-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Gharalari ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
S.L. Fox ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Batch Size ◽  
Oviposition Deterrence ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Time Required

AbstractWheat, Triticum L. (Poaceae), varieties with deterrence to oviposition by the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), can be useful in reducing seed damage. The behaviour of ovipositing females on spring wheat, T. aestivum L., with and without oviposition deterrence was investigated to account for observed differences in oviposition on deterrent and nondeterrent hosts. On deterrent wheat, 34% of females landing oviposited compared with 100% of females landing on nondeterrent wheat. The sequence of female behaviours just prior to egg-laying on deterrent spikes was similar to that on nondeterrent spikes. The length of time required to lay an egg and mean egg-batch size were similar on deterrent and nondeterrent wheat, but females spent nearly twice as long on the latter. After landing on deterrent wheat, females took longer to begin ovipositing and longer to leave after the last oviposition event than did females on nondeterrent wheat, which further reduced the time available for oviposition on deterrent compared with nondeterrent wheat. As a result of these behavioural differences, deterrence reduced oviposition by more than 60%.

Seed damage by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to spring wheat cultivars with the Sm1 gene

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian L. Wise ◽  
Stephen L. Fox ◽  
Marjorie A.H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractSix resistant spring wheat cultivars with the Sm1 gene were assessed for seed damage by the orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)) in laboratory and field tests. All resistant cultivars deterred larvae from developing on the seed and had significantly less yield losses than susceptible wheat cultivars. Vesper was the first cultivar with Sm1 that also deterred oviposition by the wheat midge. Seed damage to all resistant cultivars decreased the later plants were exposed to adult midge from the time spikes emerged from the boot until anthesis. Spikes of susceptible wheat cultivars had lower yield losses when exposed two or more days after emergence than spikes exposed at the time of emergence. Seed damage to resistant wheat caused dorsal and lateral distortions of the seed and often altered seed colour and shape. The pedigree of the resistant cultivars had no effect on the extent of seed damage. Shaw wheat had the least amount of seed damage and no third instars on the seed in both field and laboratory tests. All other cultivars had a few small third instars and similar levels of seed damage in laboratory tests, with Fieldstar being the least effective. In at least one mean site-year Shaw had significantly less yield losses than the other resistant cultivars. It is recommended that Shaw be used as the standard for the selection of future spring wheat cultivars with Sm1.

Seed damage and sources of yield loss by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in resistant wheat varietal blends relative to susceptible wheat cultivars in western Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
S.L. Fox ◽  
C.L. Vera ◽  
R.M. DePauw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Wheat Midge

AbstractSpring wheat varieties with the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were compared with susceptible wheat (Triticum Linnaeus; Poaceae) with respect to sources of yield loss and reduction in market value from wheat midge feeding damage. Four resistant varietal blends (90% Sm1 wheat plus 10% susceptible refuge) and four susceptible cultivars were grown in replicated experiments at eight locations in western Canada. Frequencies and 1000-kernel weights of undamaged and midge-damaged seeds were assessed before harvest by dissecting samples of ripe spikes, and after harvest in samples of cleaned grain. Spike data were used to estimate yield losses from reduced weight of damaged seeds and loss of severely damaged seeds (⩽8 mg) at harvest. Among midge-damaged seeds in spikes, few were severely damaged in resistant varietal blends, whereas most were severely damaged in susceptible cultivars. Cleaned, harvested grain of resistant varietal blends and susceptible cultivars had similar frequencies of midge damage and were assessed similar market grades. The primary benefit of midge-resistant wheat was reduced yield loss due to seed damage by wheat midge larvae. Resistant wheat did not protect against loss of market grade, but market value could increase due to larger yields.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFESTATION LEVELS AND YIELD LOSS CAUSED BY WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN SPRING WHEAT IN SASKATCHEWAN

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.O. Olfert ◽  
M.K. Mukerji ◽  
J.F. Doane
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heading Stage

AbstractLosses in yield of spring wheat due to infestations of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) were determined for 700 000 ha of arable land in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada in 1983. The proportion of kernels infested (y) was a power function of the number of wheat-midge larvae (x) (y = 35.3x0.725). One, 2, 3, and 4 larvae per kernel resulted in a level of infestation of 38, 58, 78, and 96%, respectively. There was no significant difference between infestation levels from fields sampled at the heading stage of crop growth and the estimates of infestation levels for these fields at harvest time. Yield of grain (y) was negatively exponential to an increase in level of infestation (x) (ln y = 5.7−0.017x). Infestations of 30, 60, and 90% reduced yields of spring wheat by 40, 65, and 79%, respectively. The average decrease in crop yield in the study area was about 30%, which resulted in estimated losses in total gross revenue of about $30 million.

Oviposition deterrence against Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in spring wheat (Gramineae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
R.I.H. McKenzie ◽  
J. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wheat Line ◽  
Oviposition Deterrence ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Field Plots

AbstractSpring wheats, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as being lightly infested by eggs or larvae of wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were tested to determine if reduced infestation was the result of oviposition deterrence. Oviposition deterrence was measured as the number of eggs deposited on a wheat line relative to that on a check. Egg densities on some of these lines were 10% or less compared with the susceptible commercial cultivar 'Roblin' in choice tests and 20% or less in no-choice tests in the laboratory. These lines also deterred oviposition in the field, reducing egg densities by at least 50% in single-row and multi-row field plots. Other experimental lines showed levels of oviposition deterrence intermediate between the most deterrent lines and 'Roblin'. One of 12 commercial cultivars tested, 'AC Superb', also had low egg densities in the laboratory and in single-row field tests, but this possible oviposition deterrence was not consistently present in large plots or commercial fields. The most deterrent experimental lines showed a level of oviposition deterrence that would be agriculturally useful and desirable in combination with a previously described antibiotic resistance.

DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
O.O. Olfert ◽  
J. Gavloski ◽  
P.S. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Heading Stage

AbstractThe wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) occurred in all wheat-growing areas of Manitoba during 1993–1997, with 95% of spring wheat fields having some seeds infested by larvae. The level of infestation varied, but each year in excess of 20% of seeds were infested in some fields. Infestation levels in adjacent fields were more similar than in fields separated by a few kilometres. Within fields, the infestation was similar at the edge and near the centre. Wheat midge larvae also overwintered in, and adults emerged from, fields in all wheat-growing areas of Manitoba. Adults emerged from the end of June to the end of July most years, and the peak period for adult flight was mid-July, about 1 month later than in parts of Europe where winter wheat predominates. The timing of the emergence was similar from place to place and year to year. Females constituted 95% of insects caught in a flight trap. The first 10% and 50% of the flight occurred on 9 and 16 July, respectively, and the timing of the flight was not related to growing degree-days. In early August, mature larvae began dropping from wheat heads. The timing of infestation of spring wheat was variable among years because of differences in timing between midge flights and the susceptible heading stage of the crop. Nevertheless, the wheat midge flight usually coincided with the susceptible stage of the spring wheat crop.

Oviposition deterrence to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): a source of resistance for durum wheat (Gramineae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
P. Clarke ◽  
J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Oviposition Deterrence ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Close Relatives

AbstractOver 250 durum wheats, Triticum durum Desf., and close relatives were screened for resistance to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). Less than 2% showed consistently reduced egg and larval densities in field and laboratory trials. Two related accessions named ’Kahla’ had stable, low larval infestation levels, which were about 30% of those in commercial durum wheat cultivars. No antibiosis was detected in durum wheats. The reduction in infestation by larvae was associated with a similar reduction in oviposition. The resistance reduced egg densities by 80% or more in choice and no-choice laboratory tests and by about 70% in the field. Egg group size was not affected, and therefore reduced oviposition must have resulted from the number of egg groups deposited by females. The resistance was not associated with any of 12 morphological traits that were quantified for spikes. ’Kahla’ is the first durum wheat identified to have resistance against the wheat midge.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RED SPRING WHEAT, TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. CV. KATEPWA, DURING HEADING AND ANTHESIS TO DAMAGE BY WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Elliott ◽  
L.W. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Potential Factors

AbstractIn a 3-year field study, potted plants of ‘Katepwa’ wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were exposed to ovipositing wheat midge. Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), to determine when spikes are most susceptible to damage. After exposure, plants were maintained under controlled conditions for 4 weeks and examined for wheal midge larvae and damaged kernels, ‘Katepwa’ wheat became susceptible to wheat midge damage shortly after spikes emerged from the boot leaf. Location of larvae and damaged kernels within spikes was influenced by the duration spikelets were exposed to oviposition and pattern of anthesis within spikes. In 1992, frequencies of larvae and damaged kernels were 60–90 times higher in spikes exposed to oviposition during advanced heading (stages 57–59, Zadoks’ code) than in those exposed during flowering (stages 61–69). Kernel damage in spikes exposed to oviposition during stages 57–59, 61–65, and 65–70 was 48.5, 3.2, and 0.2%, respectively, in 1993 and 21.2, 1.0, and 0.6%, respectively, in 1994. Data indicated that susceptibility to midge damage declined 15- to 25-fold between heading and early anthesis and 35- to 240-fold between heading and advanced anthesis. Potential factors contributing to these declines and concomitant reductions in larval frequencies are discussed.Commercial fields of ‘Katepwa’ wheat should be monitored for ovipositing wheat midge throughout heading (stages 51–59) when spikes are most vulnerable to damage. Larval survival and kernel damage were so low after stage 61 that monitoring during anthesis should be unnecessary. Intensive inspection of fields throughout heading would ensure that chemical treatments are applied when they are necessary and most effective.

RESISTANCE TO SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT (GRAMINEAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
R.I.H. McKenzie ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
P.S. Barker ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Seed Surface ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
High Level

AbstractCultivars of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as possible sources of resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were crossed with spring wheat to produce lines with a spring growth habit and assure synchrony between insect and plant. Many of the lines showed low levels of infestation by wheat midge in the field, and 21 of these were tested for resistance in the laboratory. All test lines exhibited resistance, ranging from 58 to 100% suppression of larvae and 70 to 100% suppression of seed damage, compared with a susceptible line. Larval development was delayed and survival was reduced on all lines. This antibiosis was associated with a hypersensitive reaction in the seed surface. The hypersensitive reaction, or feeding damage by young larvae before they died, reduced the biomass of some infested resistant seeds by 28% compared with over 60% for infested susceptible seeds. Some lines also reduced the level of infestation either through oviposition deterrence or a resistance which prevented newly hatched larvae from establishing on the seed surface. A few lines also reduced the hatching rate of wheat midge eggs. The resistance was equally effective in field trials during two consecutive summers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with at least a 20-times difference in the level of infestation between susceptible and resistant wheats. No larvae could develop to maturity on some resistant lines. Large plots of one resistant line produced less than 1% as many larvae as a typical susceptible wheat, and the larvae that did survive produced few, small adults. This resistance is the first documented case of a high level of true resistance to wheat midge in spring wheat, distinct from asynchrony between the insect and susceptible stage of the plant. The antibiosis component of the resistance is currently being incorporated in cultivars suitable for production in western Canada.

Evaluation of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) infestation and relationship with agronomic traits in selected spring wheat cultivars in northwestern Montana, United States of America

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik R. Echegaray ◽  
Christopher R. Barbour ◽  
Luther Talbert ◽  
Robert N. Stougaard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge

AbstractThe wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a serious pest of spring wheat in North America. Currently, most commercial cultivars in the state of Montana, United States of America are susceptible. A study was conducted to assess the variability of adapted spring wheat cultivars to wheat midge infestations. A secondary objective was to determine the relationship between wheat midge infestation levels and spring wheat agronomic traits, including yield, test weight, grain protein, plant height, and heading date. This relationship was determined by evaluating 16 hard red spring wheat cultivars over a six-year period at the Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, near Kalispell, Montana. Levels of infestation had a negative impact on grain yield and test weight. Overall, the average infestation level was 40 larvae/spike with the lowest being observed with “Reeder” and the highest for “Thatcher”. Concurrently, “Reeder” had the highest yield, whereas “Thatcher” had the lowest yield and the highest grain protein, demonstrating that wheat midge infestations were positively associated with grain protein. Heading date had a positive association with midge density with higher infestations associated with later maturing cultivars. The economic injury level was estimated at 12 and 20 midge larvae/spike for a market price of USD $0.27 and USD $0.16/kg, respectively.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document