The functional response and prey preference of generalist Nabis (Hemiptera: Nabidae) predators to leafhopper prey (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Stasek ◽  
James N. Radl ◽  
Thomas O. Crist
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Prey Preference ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Survival Probabilities ◽  
The Family ◽  
Predation Rates

AbstractInsects of the family Nabidae (Hemiptera) are generalist predators commonly found in agroecosystems, but little is known about their predation rates on common pests of forage crops. We determined the functional response and prey preference of Nabis Latreille species to two common leafhopper pests of red clover (Trifolium pratense Linnaeus; Fabaceae): Agallia constricta Van Duzee (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Ceratagallia agricola (Hamilton) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). We also determined the survivorship of A. constricta to predation by Nabis species over the course of five days. The Nabis species displayed a Type III functional response to both leafhopper species with a preference for A. constricta. The 10-A. constricta/cage treatments and 20-A. constricta/cage treatments had the highest survival probabilities after five days with survival probabilities of 0.19 and 0.23, respectively. These results indicate that Nabis species may help in controlling leafhopper populations in forage-crop systems.

scholarly journals Forage crops, their place in reducing the costs of raising emu

2001 ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
I.L. Gray ◽  
A.W. Godding ◽  
C.A. Godding ◽  
L.F. Gray ◽  
L. Hancox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fatty Acid Ratio ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Acid Ratio

Over the past 5 years, the emu industry has had forced upon it the need to adjust its practices to conditions determined by the meat, oil and hide markets, rather than the inflated prices enjoyed in the honeymoon years when emu breeders were exploiting a highly inflated bird market. The cost of economically raising birds to the slaughter stage is now the major challenge. The use of a forage crop to reduce feeding costs, the single largest cost to raising emu, was trialled in the Franklin County through funding from AGMARDT. Chicory, plantain, white and red clover were sown and rotationally grazed by emu. Emu on this forage crop also received a half ration of grain-based meal pellets (Forage-birds). This was compared with grazing emu on existing pasture and a full ration of meal pellets (Control-birds). The estimated savings per bird averaged $35.50 (excl. GST), or 24%, for the Forage-birds. For two of the three farms, the average saving per bird exceeded $44.00 or 30%, owing to lower costs of establishment for the forage crop and less extra meal feeding during summer/autumn drought and winter cold. Costs were recalculated to allow for economies of scale, and average savings then increased to 34%. It is expected that greater savings, 40% or more, may be achieved through better preparation of the seedbed giving a better establishment of the sown forage species, if more favourable weather conditions prevail when the species are establishing, and through greater experience. However, it requires more land per bird and more watchful management in terms of seasonal change affecting the crop. Meat quality ratings were all within acceptable levels, while fat from Forage-birds was yellow and Control-birds white. There were indications that fat from Forage-birds was healthier for humans through a better linoleic:linolenic fatty acid ratio and a better polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio than fat from Control-birds. At slaughter, differences in liveweight and meat quality between farms, and between birds, indicated the importance of correct slaughter and transport procedures to minimise stress. Birds from the forage group were more placid. Keywords: chicory, Cichorum intybus, clover, cost:benefit, Dromaius novaehollandiae, emu, fat, Plantago lanceolota, plantain, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens

New varieties of forage crops and technologies for Russian agriculture

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
В.М. Косолапов ◽  
В.И. Чернявских ◽  
С.И. Костенко
Keyword(s):  
Red Clover ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Rhizobium Strains ◽  
Russian Agriculture ◽  
New Varieties

Рассмотрено значение селекции специализированных сортов и использования новых видов кормовых культур в решении проблем кормопроизводства, улучшении экологической обстановки. В Федеральном научном центре проводятся комплексные исследования со многими видами кормовых культур: клевером луговым, клевером ползучим, райграсом пастбищным, фестулолиумом, тимофеевкой луговой и ещё с 44 кормовыми и масличными культурами различного назначения. Сорта последнего поколения предназначены для выращивания во всех регионах России. За последние 3 года сотрудниками ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса» передано в государственное сортоиспытание и зарегистрировано 38 новых сортов: три сорта люцерны, три сорта люпина белого, два сорта лядвенца рогатого, два сорта фестулолиума, три сорта клевера лугового и т.д. Учёные ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса» ежегодно получают от 12 до 16 патентов на новые селекционные достижения по более чем 44 кормовым и масличным культурам различного назначения. За последние годы получены новые сортомикробные системы современных сортов клевера лугового и люцерны, отработаны технологии и получены патенты на способы фитомелиорации, на конструкции агрегатов для заготовки высококачественных кормов; работает лаборатория молекулярно-генетических исследований кормовых культур, в практику внедряются адаптированные ДНК-технологии, повышающие эффективность селекционного процесса. Показана важность ускоренного введения новых сортов в производство путём заключения неисключительных лицензионных договоров. Основная деятельность ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса» направлена на комплексные исследования в области селекции кормовых культур, а также на создание системы их семеноводства, которая обеспечит страну не только оригинальными, но и элитными и репродукционными семенами. This article reports on breeding and cultivation of new varieties of forage crops as means to improve forage production and ecology. The Federal Williams Research Center conducts investigations involving various crop species: red clover, white clover, perennial ryegrass, festulolium, common timothy and 44 other forage and oil crops. The latest varieties are to be grown all over Russia. For the last 3 years the Center submitted for the State variety trial and registered 38 new varieties: three varieties of alfalfa, red clover and white lupine, two varieties of birdʼs-foot trefoil and festulolium, etc. Scientists of the Center annually get 12–16 selection patents for over 44 forage and oil crops. Recent achievements are new systems of Rhizobium strains with red clover and alfalfa; improved technologies and patents for phytomelioration and designing fodder equipment; the laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics and application of DNA technologies in breeding. Nonexclusive license was shown to accelerate introduction of new varieties into the production process. The Center focuses on forage crop breeding and optimization of seed production.

scholarly journals Chromosome-scale assembly of the highly heterozygous genome of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), an allogamous forage crop species

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek M Bickhart ◽  
Lisa M Koch ◽  
Timothy P.L. Smith ◽  
Heathcliffe Riday ◽  
Michael L Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Short Read ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Heterozygous Plant ◽  
Modern Genomic ◽  
Genome Assemblies

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is used as a forage crop due to a variety of favorable traits relative to other crops. Improved varieties have been developed through conventional breeding approaches, but progress could be accelerated and gene discovery facilitated using modern genomic methods. Existing short-read based genome assemblies of the ~420 Megabase (Mb) genome are fragmented into >135,000 contigs with numerous errors in order and orientation within scaffolds, likely due to the biology of the plant which displays gametophytic self-incompatibility resulting in inherent high heterozygosity. A high-quality long-read based assembly of red clover is presented that reduces the number of contigs by more than 500-fold, improves the per-base quality, and increases the contig N50 statistic by three orders of magnitude. The 413.5 Mb assembly is nearly 20% longer than the 350 Mb short read assembly, closer to the predicted genome size. Quality measures are presented and full-length isoform sequence of RNA transcripts reported for use in assessing accuracy and for future annotation of the genome. The assembly accurately represents the seven main linkage groups present in the genome of an allogamous (outcrossing), highly heterozygous plant species.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 121. Galium mollugo L.

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mersereau ◽  
A. DiTommaso
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Melilotus Officinalis ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Galium mollugo L. (smooth bedstraw) is a long-lived perennial broadleaved plant that reproduces both vegetatively and by seed. Galium mollugo can be a strong competitor in long-lived forage crops such as bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), as well as in short-lived forage crops such as red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and yellow sweet-clover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.]. It is also a problem weed in spruce plantations and re-vegetation areas. Livestock typically avoid this species, allowing it to become well-established in pastures where it outcompetes more favourable species. Moreover, G. mollugo is viewed as a successful invasive species because of its ability to colonize and proliferate in areas such as established meadows where most invasive species do not thrive. In natural meadow communities, G. mollugo is often a dominant species that is capable of colonizing areas left vacant by the death and/or displacement of other species. Under favourable conditions, G. mollugo growth and clonal expansion can increase rapidly. Galium mollugo is generally tolerant to herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-DB, and dicamba. Key words: Smooth bedstraw, GALMO, Galium mollugo, Rubiaceae, weed biology, pastures

scholarly journals Structure of micromycete complex of feed crops in the forest steppe of Western Siberia

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
L. F. Ashmarina ◽  
A. I. Ermokhina ◽  
Т. A. Galaktionova
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽  
Chick Pea ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fusarium Fungi

The article highlights the experimental results on the structure of micromycete complex of feed crops seeds  in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The researchers investigated more than 50 sets of seeds of different soya varieties (Glycine hispida), chick-pea (Cicer arietinum), spring rape (Brassica napus), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and lupine (Lupínus polyphyllus). The authors observed that micromycete complex contains a lot of seed infections in the mafic hyphomycetes of the genus Alternaria (average of 15.8–52.3 %) and Cladosporium (5,7–38,0 %), less common were Fusarium fungi and fungi. The distinguished fungi contained smaller number of Pythium, Botrytis, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia, Curvularia, Peronospora, Stemphylium, Ascochyta, Trichotecium and Corynespora. The article reveals the features of the structure of micromycetes complex on the lupine seeds. The seed material was strongly infected by Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler & Hagedorn (from 37.5 to 62.5%, depends on the variety), which strongly damaged the crops during the growing season (the disease development index varied from 30 to 100 %). The concentration of Fusarium fungi on the seeds of all crops varied from 2.6 to 15.4%; the authors observed the dominating  species as F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum var. orthoceras, F. solani, F. solani var. argillaceum, F. sambucinum, F. sambucinum. var. minus, F. gibbosum, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichiella var. poae. The authors found out that fungi (species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc.) is more extracted from the seeds in humid years like 2015, compared with more droughty years like  2016 and 2017. They were mostly observed in the rape seeds (20,2%) and chick-pea (15.8 %). The results of the phytoexpertise show that the problem of contamination of fodder crops by pathogens and the saprophytic mycoflora leads to bed quality of forage crops and seed germination. This problem is very urgent and relevant in, the conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The high level of seed infection indicates the necessity to strong following the procedure of storage and pre-treatment of seeds with chemical or biological agents.

scholarly journals Red clover grown in a mixture with grasses : yield, persistence and dynamics of quality characteristics

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 195-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MELA
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Accumulated Temperature

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was grown in mixtures with timothy and meadow fescue in field experiments at four sites in Finland to broaden knowledge on its potential as a forage crop. The effects of cutting frequency, nitrogen fertilization in the spring and sward density were investigated. Forage yield quality was analyzed using standard methods. Red clover produced well in all swards during the two first seasons. In the third summer the proportion of red clover was greatly diminished except on sandy soil at the northernmost locality (64°40'N) where it remained productive. Linear regression adequately described the dependence of crude fibre content and crude protein content in dry matter of the primary growth and regrowth, both of red clover and grass, on accumulated temperature sum. The contents of P, K, Ca and Mg in clover and grass are given as a function of accumulated temperature to describe their changes during crop growth. The results give new knowledge about possibilities to grow red clover in the northern livestock region of Finland. They proved that soil type is more important for good persistence of red clover than latitude.

DNA Fingerprinting by SSR-Analyses of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
V.A. Dushkin ◽  
V.P. Klimenko ◽  
A.O. Shamustakimova
Keyword(s):  
Dna Fingerprinting ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

The results of experimental studies on polymorphism of 10 red clover cultivars of Russian selection are presented. Informative primer pairs that can be used for the identification of markers during intervariety differentiation were determined. Based on SSR fingerprints, molecular genetic formulas of the studied cultivars were compiled. Samples of genomic DNA of each cultivar were obtained from pooled aliquots of the plant tissue, each containing 30 seedlings. Eleven pairs of SSR primers developed for structural analysis of the red clover genome were used in genotyping. Unique amplification fragments were found with SSR locus RCS1307 for Trifon and Topaz cultivars, as well as with SSR locus RCS3095 for Trio and Mars cultivars, which can serve as identification DNA markers The results of this study are of practical importance for the molecular genetic certification of breeding achievements, which is necessary to assess the quality and genetic uniformity of seeds and to control hybridization in the breeding process. forage crops, red clover, DNA fingerprinting, SSR loci, cultivar identification This study was funded from the federal budget within the framework of a state assignment (project no. 0442-2019-0001 АААА-А19-119122590053-0).

Interaction of the rate of P and K fertilization on the yield response of three forage legume species

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-880
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
R. W. Sheard
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Response Surface Model ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
K Fertilization

A response surface model was used to study the interaction between the rate of P and K fertilization on yield of three legume forage crops: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). The results suggest that the soil test calibration recommendations developed for P or K on forage legumes are relatively insensitive to the rate of the other nutrient applied. Key words: Alfalfa, red clover, trefoil, soil test calibration, response surface model

Plasma and meat hormones and metabolites of lambs grazing high-formononetin red clover

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
M. D. Fraser ◽  
V. J. Theobald ◽  
R. Jones ◽  
N. F. G. Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

There is increasing interest in the use of red clover (Trifolium pratense) as a high protein forage crop to finish growing lambs. Red clover contains the isoflavanoid compound formononetin which is converted to the non-steroidal oestrogen analogue equol by rumen micro-organisms. Equol is absorbed by the animal, and can have significant effects, such as suppressing reproductive cycling in ewes. Very few commercial red clover varieties have been bred with a low formononetin content to prevent this problem. Although human health benefits have been linked to the consumption of oestrogenically active compounds in foods such as soya (Kurzer and Xu, 1997), there is a need to investigate the presence of oestrogenically active compounds in animal products. The objective of this study was to investigate plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations, and the residual levels of equol in meat, of lambs grazing two varieties of red clover differing in their formononetin contents, compared to control animals grazing grass.

Landmark research in legumes

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Singh ◽  
G.H. Chung ◽  
R.L. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Excellent Source ◽  
Primary Gene

Legumes are members of the family Fabaceae or Leguminosae and include economically important grain legumes, oilseed crops, forage crops, shrubs, and tropical or subtropical trees. Legumes are a rich source of quality protein for humans and animals. They also enrich the soil by producing their own nitrogen in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. International centers and national institutes collect, maintain, distribute, and produce high-yielding legumes (grain-pulses, oilseeds, forages, nutraceuticals, medicinal shrubs, and trees). Legume breeders are confined within the primary gene pools (GP-1) in their varietal improvement programs and have not exploited secondary gene pools (GP-2), tertiary gene pools (GP-3), or quaternary gene pools (GP-4). Legumes are also an excellent source of timber, medicine, nutraceuticals, tannins, gums, insecticides, resins, varnish, paints, dyes, and eco-friendly by-products such as soy diesel. Three forage crops, Medicago truncatula , Lotus japonicus , and Trifolium pratense , are model legumes for phylogenetic studies and genome sequencing. This paper concludes that a “protein revolution” is needed to meet the protein demands of the world.

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