The Challenge of Elastomer Seals for Blowout Preventer BOP and Wellhead/Christmas Trees under High Temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuming Chen ◽  
Ray Zonoz ◽  
Hamid A. Salem
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Blowout Preventer ◽  
Power Law Equation

Abstract It is critically important for elastomer sealing components in blowout preventers (BOP) and wellheads to meet the pressure and temperature rating requirements under the newly released American Petroleum Institute (API) standards, API 16A (fourth edition) and API 6A (twenty-first edition) respectively. Extrusion resistance under high pressure and high temperature is one of the most critical challenge for the elastomer sealing components to meet the above API standards. This challenge is related to the basic properties of elastomer materials and mechanical design of the sealing components. This paper outlines how a simple and low-cost approach was developed to evaluate extrusion resistance of elastomer sealing components, and the correlation between critical tear pressure and extrusion gap of the two elastomers seals was evaluated using a power law equation. This correlation revealed that the above challenges of elastomer sealing components for BOPs and wellheads/Christmas trees is related to the weak strength of elastomers under high temperature and large clearances (extrusion gap) in current designs. New materials and/or new mechanical design to overcome such a challenge were also provided and discussed in this paper. The paper will help practicing engineers understand the challenge of material selection, mechanical design, and API testing as well as better understand the capability and limitation of sealing components for blowout preventors and wellhead applications under high pressure and/or high temperature (HPHT).

scholarly journals Comparison of 2507 Duplex and 28 % Cr- Austenitic Stainless Steel Corrosion Behavior for High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) in Sour Service Condition with C-ring Experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harris Prabowo ◽  
Badrul Munir ◽  
Yudha Pratesa ◽  
Johny W. Soedarsono
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking ◽  
Sour Service

The scarcity of oil and gas resources made High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) reservoir attractive to be developed. The sour service environment gives an additional factor in material selection for HPHT reservoir. Austenitic 28 Cr and super duplex stainless steel 2507 (SS 2507) are proposed to be a potential materials candidate for such conditions. C-ring tests were performed to investigate their corrosion behavior, specifically sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and sulfide stress cracking susceptibility. The C-ring tests were done under 2.55 % H2S (31.48 psia) and 50 % CO2 (617.25 psia). The testing was done in static environment conditions. Regardless of good SSC resistance for both materials, different pitting resistance is seen in both materials. The pitting resistance did not follow the general Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN), since SS 2507 super duplex (PREN > 40) has more pitting density than 28 Cr austenitic stainless steel (PREN < 40). SS 2507 super duplex pit shape tends to be larger but shallower than 28 Cr austenitic stainless steel. 28 Cr austenitic stainless steel has a smaller pit density, yet deeper and isolated.

Structural Integrity and Mechanical Design of a Probe of High Pressure and High Temperature for Oil Wells Applying Finite Elements Tools

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Rosado Tamariz ◽  
Rito Mijarez Castro ◽  
Agustín Javier Antúnez Estrada ◽  
Alfonso Campos Amezcua ◽  
David Pascacio Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Oil Wells ◽  
Principal Stresses ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mechanical Elements

Measurement of high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) tools is regularly carried out in the hydrocarbons sector to determine not only the characteristics and performance of fluids inside the well, but also to evaluate the mechanical condition of the pipes and the automation of production. The mechanical features of these tools are significantly influenced by the mechanical design of the structure, which eventually affects their performance and integrity. This paper describes the design process and the analysis of the structural integrity of a HPHT measuring tool for oil wells in its sensors section. The classical theories of mechanical design and specifications of the ASME boilers and pressure vessels code were used. The study is performed for several operation variables in a numerical model using a commercial code of finite element method to determinate the maximum principal stresses, total displacements and safety factor in the mechanical elements that form the device. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data source from the laboratory tests.

scholarly journals A simple and low-cost chip bonding solution for high pressure, high temperature and biological applications

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Serra ◽  
I. Pereiro ◽  
A. Yamada ◽  
J.-L. Viovy ◽  
S. Descroix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Used

An adhesive-based strategy for the low-cost and reversible sealing of a wide range of materials used in microfluidics, requiring only the application of manually-achievable pressures.

First Successful Low Cost Abrasive Perforation with Wireless Assisted Coiled Tubing in Deviated High Pressure/High Temperature Gas Well.

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Nunez Garcia ◽  
Ricardo Solares ◽  
Jairo Alonso Leal Jauregui ◽  
Jorge E. Duarte ◽  
Alejandro Chacon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Gas

Combustion of Crushed, Dried Texas Lignite and Char in Steam Power Boilers

1962 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
V. Z. Caracristi ◽  
H. D. Mumper
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Steam Generation ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Steam

The development and application of a processed lignite fuel to the generation of high-pressure, high-temperature steam are described. The economics of this processed fuel for steam generation is a part of the over-all economics of low-cost power generation for the production of aluminum.

scholarly journals Design and Performance Analysis of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Heat Exchanger

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Seo ◽  
Jae Eun Cha ◽  
Jaemin Kim ◽  
Injin Sah ◽  
Yong-Wan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Tube Bundle ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Tubular Type ◽  
And Performance

This paper presents a preliminary design and performance analysis of a supercritical CO2 (SCO2) heat exchanger for an SCO2 power generation system. The purpose of designing a SCO2 heat exchanger is to provide a high-temperature and high-pressure heat exchange core technology for advanced SCO2 power generation systems. The target outlet temperature and pressure for the SCO2 heat exchanger were 600 °C and 200 bar, respectively. A tubular type with a staggered tube bundle was selected as the SCO2 heat exchanger, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and air were selected as heat sources. The design of the heat exchanger was based on the material selection and available tube specification. Preliminary performance evaluation of the SCO2 heat exchanger was conducted using an in-house code, and three-dimensional flow and thermal stress analysis were performed to verify the tube’s integrity. The simulation results showed that the tubular type heat exchanger can endure high-temperature and high-pressure conditions under an SCO2 environment.

Deepwater Production TTR Design

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Blaquiere ◽  
Daniel Reagan ◽  
Ricky Thethi
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Interface Management ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Qualification Testing

As the majority of “easy access” reservoirs have been discovered, deep water exploration and production is at the forefront of the Oil & Gas industry. Operators have utilized Top Tensioned Riser (TTR) systems in deepwater on Spar and TLP platforms and are now well established in the US Gulf of Mexico (GoM), West Africa and Asia. However, new reservoirs, particularly in the US Gulf, will be discovered in ultra-deep water (∼10,000 ft) with high pressure (HP) (>15 ksi) and high temperature (HT) (>284 °F). In such conditions, the criticality and complexity of a production TTR system is significantly increased. This paper addresses key design issues and considerations including wall thickness sizing, material selection, manufacturing capabilities, interface management and qualification testing.

Lateral Buckling and Walking Design of a Pipeline Subjected to a High Number of Operational Cycles on Very Uneven Seabed

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael F. Solano ◽  
Bruno R. Antunes ◽  
Alexandre S. Hansen ◽  
T. Sriskandarajah ◽  
Carlos R. Charnaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Lateral Buckling ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Global Buckling

Global buckling is a behavior observed on subsea pipelines operating under high pressure and high temperature conditions which can jeopardize its structural integrity if not properly controlled. The thermo-mechanical design of such pipelines shall be robust in order to manage some uncertainties, such as: out-of-straightness and pipe-soil interaction. Pipeline walking is another phenomenon observed in those pipelines which can lead to accumulated displacement and overstress on jumpers and spools. In addition, global buckling and pipeline walking can have strong interaction along the route of a pipeline on uneven and sloped seabed, increasing the challenges of thermo-mechanical design. The P-55 oil export pipeline has approximately 42km length and was designed to work under severe high pressure and high temperature conditions, on a very uneven seabed, including different soil types and wall thicknesses along the length and a significant number of crossings. Additionally, the pipeline is expected to have a high amount of partial and full shutdowns during operation, resulting in an increase in design complexity. During design, many challenges arose in order to “control” the lateral buckling behavior and excessive walking displacements, and finite element analysis was used to understand and assess the pipeline behavior in detail. This paper aims to provide an overview of the lateral buckling and walking design of the P-55 oil export pipeline and to present the solutions related to technical challenges faced during design due to high number of operational cycles. Long pipelines are usually characterized as having a low tendency to walking; however in this case, due to the seabed slope and the buckle sites interaction, a strong walking tendency has been identified. Thus, the main items of the design are discussed in this paper, as follows: lateral buckling triggering and “control” approach, walking in long pipelines and mitigate anchoring system, span correction and its impact on thermo-mechanical behavior.

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