scholarly journals Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis Using a Byproduct Obtained from Palm Oil Refining

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Nascentes dos Santos Corrêa ◽  
Susana Lorena de Souza ◽  
Marly Catran ◽  
Otávio Luiz Bernardes ◽  
Márcio Figueiredo Portilho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Novozym 435 ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Lipozyme Tl Im ◽  
Free System ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

An alternative route to produce biodiesel is based on esterification of free fatty acids present in byproducts obtained from vegetable oil refining, such as palm oil fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a byproduct of the production of edible palm oil, which contains 96 wt.% of free fatty acids. The purpose of this work was to study biodiesel synthesis via esterification of PFAD with methanol and ethanol, catalyzed by commercial immobilized lipases (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM, and Lipozyme TL-IM), in a solvent-free system. The effects of reaction parameters such as type of lipase, enzyme amount, type of alcohol, alcohol amount, and enzyme reuse were studied. Fatty acid conversion of 93% was obtained after 2.5 h of esterification reaction between PFAD and ethanol using 1.0 wt.% of Novozym 435 at 60°C.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Quality of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate at Palm Oil Refining Plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 8144-8151
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Refining Plant ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A study on factors affecting biodiesel quality of agricultural by-products, namely palm oil derived using palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), collected from the Oleen Palm Oil industrial refining plant. This PFAD showed free fatty acid content and a saponification value of 88.4 % and 204 mg KOH/g, respectively. An acid catalyst was successfully used to produce biodiesel in the esterification reaction, and a 97.11% conversion to biodiesel based on the European Standard EN 14214:2003 was achieved under the conditions (PFAD to methanol molar ratio 1:3.71 with 1.834 % H2SO4 catalyzed at 121 °C for 15 minutes). Overall, this novel process achieved highly enhanced FAME (95.82% to 97.31%) with a significantly increased reaction time (10 to 30 minutes) and catalyst requirements (1.834 % H2SO4).

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfated Cobalt–Tin Mixed Oxide Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamchai Nuithitikul ◽  
Worrapat Hasin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mixed Oxide Catalysts

Abstract In this study, sulfated tin oxide was modified with cobalt oxide resulting in sulfated cobalt–tin mixed oxide (SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2). For the first time, the catalytic activity of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 for the esterification reaction of free fatty acids (FFA) in crude palm oil to produce methyl esters has been investigated. The effects of amount of Co and calcination temperature were studied. The properties of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 were determined with N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and potentiometric titration. The esterification was carried out in a stirred-tank reactor equipped with a reflux condenser. The reaction conditions (methanol/oil ratio, catalyst size, catalyst loading and reaction time) were optimized. The results confirm that SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 is a promising catalyst in the production of methyl esters from FFA in crude palm oil. The addition of Co improved the reusability of sulfated tin oxide.

Separation of free fatty acids from high free fatty acid crude palm oil using short-path distillation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Al-Wali Japir ◽  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
Darfizzi Derawi ◽  
Murad Bahadi ◽  
Muhammad Rahimi Yusop
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Short Path ◽  
High Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Short Path Distillation

scholarly journals An Efficient Catalyst Prepared from Residual Kaolin for the Esterification of Distillate from the Deodorization of Palm Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Alex de Nazaré de de Oliveira ◽  
Irlon Maciel Ferreira ◽  
David Esteban Quintero Jimenez ◽  
Fernando Batista Neves ◽  
Linéia Soares da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Efficient Catalyst ◽  
Efficient Option ◽  
By Products

The distillate from the deodorization of palm oil (DDPO) is an agro-industrial residue, approximately 84% of which consists of free fatty acids (FFAs), which can be used for the production of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). A catalyst (10HPMo/AlSiM) obtained from a waste material, Amazon flint kaolin, was applied in the esterification of the DDPO, reaching a conversion index of 94%, capable of maintaining satisfactory activity (>75%) after four consecutive cycles. Flint kaolin is therefore proven to be an efficient option in the search for new heterogeneous low-cost catalysts obtained from industrial by-products, contributing to the reduction of environmental impact and adding value to widely available wastes that would otherwise be discarded directly into the environment. Based on the catalytic results, esterification of DDPO using 10HPMo/AlSiM can be a cheaper alternative for the production of sustainable fuels.

scholarly journals Penghambatan Peningkatan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas (Free Fatty Acid) pada Buah Kelapa Sawit dengan Menggunakan Asap Cair

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teuku Maimun ◽  
Nasrul Arahman ◽  
Fikriatul Arifah Hasibuan ◽  
Putri Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Oil Hydrolysis

Abstract                                                                        One cause of the increase in free fatty acids (FFA) in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is the activity of lipase-producing microorganisms in the oil palm fruit. Lipase is a biocatalisator which accelerate oil-hydrolysis reaction. High Free Fatty Acid Levels (FFA) will caused rancidity, change the taste and color of the oil. To solve this problem, post-harvest palm fruits should treat with some special treatment, e.g. addition of anti-microbial material, such as liquid smoke The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of liquid smoke on oil palm fruit, the inhibition of elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) on CPO. The factors reviewed in this study is the concentration of liquid smoke used; 5, 15, and 25% and the standing time; 12, 16 and 20 hours. The parameters observed in this study are free fatty acids (FFA), water, and impurities. The results showed that the higher the concentration of liquid smoke added, the higher inhibition of oil hydrolysis. CPO levels of FFA decreased at approximately 0,03 to 0,37% after the addition of liquid smoke. Highest inhibition on ALB increase was obtained in the treatment of the sample with the addition of 25% liquid smoke and 12 hours of standing time, which is 2,46%. Keywords: Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Water, Impurities, Liquid Smoke.Abstrak       Salah satu penyebab peningkatan asam lemak bebas (ALB) di dalam Crude Palm Oil (CPO) adalah, karena adanya aktivitas mikroorganisme penghasil lipase di dalam buah kelapa sawit. Lipase merupakan biokatalisator yang mempercepat reaksi hidrolisis minyak. Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB) yang tinggi menyebabkan ketengikan, perubahan rasa dan warna pada minyak. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, buah kelapa sawit perlu diberi perlakuan khusus, yaitu penambahan bahan anti mikroba pada buah kelapa sawit pasca panen, salah satunya adalah asap cair. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan asap cair pada buah kelapa sawit, terhadap penghambatan peningkatan kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) pada CPO. Adapun faktor yang ditinjau dalam penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi asap cair yang digunakan, yaitu 5, 15, dan 25% dan waktu pendiaman, yaitu 12, 16, dan 20 jam. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini antara lain, asam lemak bebas (ALB), air, dan kotoran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi asap cair yang ditambahkan, maka penghambatan hidrolisis minyak semakin tinggi. Kadar ALB pada CPO yang dihasilkan menurun sekitar 0,62 – 2,55% setelah penambahan asap cair. Penghambatan peningkatan ALB tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan sampel dengan penambahan 25% asap cair dan waktu pendiaman 12 jam, yaitu 2.46%. Kata kunci : Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB), Air, Kotoran (Impuritis), Asap cair (Liquid Smoke)

scholarly journals EXTRACTION OF PALM OIL’S FREE FATTY ACIDS BY TRIETHYLAMMINE (TEA) IN POLAR-NONPOLAR MIX-SOLVENT

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Endang Astuti ◽  
Winarto Haryadi ◽  
Sabirin Matsjeh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Diethyl Ether ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Acid Extraction

Palm oil contains unsaturated fatty acids that can be oxidated and can make rancidity of the palm oil. One of the trigliserida degradation products is free fatty acid. The usage of triethylammine (TEA) in the polar-nonpolar mix solvents could enhance the free fatty acids extraction efficiency. Free fatty acids extraction from palm oil was carried out for a minute with solvents ratio: TEA 0,00-0,20M in the following solvent: 0-99% diethyl ether + 99-0% ethanol + 1% water, % volume. The extraction was also performed in the following solvent: TEA 0,00-0,20M in 0-95% heptane + 95-0% isopropanol + 5% water, % volume. Reextraction was conducted for a minute by adding Na2SO4 1M. The alcohol layer which was rich with free fatty acid was taken out and the acid value was determined. As comparison, palm oil's free fatty acids was taken out with standard method by refluxing the sample in 95% alcohol for ten minutes. Identification of the free fatty acids was done by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. The best solvent ratio for acid value determination was TEA 0,10-0,20M in the mix-solvent: 19% diethyl ether + 80% ethanol + 1% water, % volume and the extraction product contained 8 kind of free fatty acids. In addition, TEA 0,01M in the solvent: 95% isopropanol + 5% water, % volume could be obtained 8 kind of free fatty acids too. In contrary, the free fatty acid extraction by standard method contained 7 kind of fatty acids. Linoleic acid was the free fatty acid which could not be taken out by standard method. The usage of TEA in the proper polar-non polar mix-solvent was the complete method to determine free fatty acid contained in the palm oil.     Keywords: triethylammine, free fatty acid, organic extraction.

scholarly journals THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LIPASE FROM MUCOR MIEHEI ON ZEOLITE MATRIX IN HYDROLYSIS OF PALM OIL PRODUCING FREE FATTY ACIDS WITH SOLVENT FREE SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
Dwina Moentamaria ◽  
Achmad Chumaidi ◽  
Nanik Hendrawati ◽  
Girlian Girlian ◽  
Meilita Againa Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Mucor Miehei ◽  
Oil Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Free Lipase

The enzymatic hydrolysis of palm oil can be conducted by using lipase produced from Mucor miehei to produce free fatty acid. This study aimed to compare the usage of lipase as free enzyme and as immobilized enzyme on zeolite matrix in the hydrolysis of palm oil as triglyceride producing free fatty acids which highly needed in various industrial sectors. Immobilization is an alternative hydrolysis reaction due to its usage on repetitive reaction, makes lipase reuseable, hence the whole process becomes efficient, and with moderate operational conditions. Solvent free reaction is applied, because the produced free fatty acids can be used directly in food, health, and natural flavorings industry. The palm oil used in the hydrolysis contains 0.815% initial free fatty acids as palmitate, in which water then added to it in weight ratio 1:3. Each effect of free lipase and immobilized lipase addition is 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and time reaction is 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes are used as index to determine the amount of free fatty acids produced.  The results showed that Immobilized lipase has better ability than the free one in hydrolysis of triglyceride in palm oil producing free fatty acid with 8% lipase addition and time reaction of 120 minutes. Palm oil hydrolysis using free lipase produced the highest FFA of 1.9747% after the addition of 5% lipase concentrate, with time reaction of 60 minutes. Meanwhile, palm oil hydrolysis using immobilized lipase produced the highest FFA of 1.9747% after the addition of 8% lipase concentrate, with time reaction of 120 minutes.

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