scholarly journals Adoption of Lightning Best-Practices Policies in the Secondary School Setting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE Scarneo-Miller ◽  
KW Flanagan ◽  
LN Belval ◽  
JK Register-Mihalik ◽  
DJ Casa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lightning Safety

Abstract Context: Lightning-related injuries are among the top ten causes of sport-related death at all levels of sport, including the nearly 8 million athletes participating in secondary school sports. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the adoption of lightning policies and the influencing factors for the development of a comprehensive policy in United States secondary schools. Design: Cross-Sectional. Setting: Secondary School. Patients or Other Participants: Athletic trainers (ATs). Main Outcome Measure(s): An online questionnaire was developed using the NATA Position Statement: Lightning Safety for Athletics and Recreation using a health behavior model, the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM), along with facilitators and barriers to identify current adoption of lightning-related policies and factors influencing adoption of lightning policies. PAPM stage (unaware for need, unaware if have, unengaged, undecided, decided not to act, decided to act, acting, maintaining) responses are presented as frequencies. Chi-square tests of associations and prevalence ratios were calculated to compare respondents in higher and lower vulnerability states, defined based on data regarding lightning-related deaths. Results: The response rate for this questionnaire was 13.43% (n=365), with additional questionnaires completed via social media (n=56). A majority of ATs reported “maintaining” (69%, n=287) and “acting” (6.5%, n=27) a comprehensive lightning policy. Approximately 1 in 4 athletic trainers (25.1%, n=106) reported using flash-to-bang as an evacuation criterion. ATs practicing in higher-vulnerability states were more likely to adopt a lightning policy than those in lower-vulnerability states (57.4% v 42.6%, PR=1.16 (1.03, 1.30); p=0.009). The most commonly reported facilitator and barrier were a requirement from a state high school athletics association and financial limitations, respectively. Conclusions: A majority of ATs reported adopting (e.g., “maintaining” and “acting”) the best practices for lightning safety. However, many AT's also reported continued use of outdated methods (e.g., flash-to-bang).

scholarly journals Influence of State-Level Emergency Planning Policy Requirements on Secondary School Adoption

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1062-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller ◽  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
William M. Adams ◽  
Luke N. Belval ◽  
Douglas J. Casa
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
State Level ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Emergency Planning ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Requirements

Context Emergency action plans (EAPs) are a critical component in the management of catastrophic sport-related injury. Some state high school athletics associations and state legislation have required that schools develop EAPs, but little research exists on the influence of a statewide policy requirement on local adoption of these policies. Objective To examine the efficacy of a statewide policy requirement on local adoption of an EAP. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online questionnaire. Patients or Other Participants Secondary school athletic trainers were invited to complete a survey (n = 9642); 1136 completed the survey, yielding an 11.7% response rate. Main Outcome Measure(s) Survey responses on the adoption of EAPs along with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator (CPR/AED) requirements were cross-referenced with published statewide policies to determine the prevalence of EAP adoption. We evaluated the adoption of emergency action plan components based on the National Athletic Trainers' Association's emergency planning position statement along with CPR/AED requirements to determine component-specific prevalence. We compared the prevalence of EAP and component adoption between states that required EAPs and specific components of EAPs and states without such requirements. Results Athletic trainers in states that required adoption of an EAP reported including more components of the emergency planning position statement (mean = 8 ± 4, median = 9) than in states without a requirement (mean = 7 ± 4, median = 8). The adoption of EAP components did not differ between states that required specific components of the EAP versus development of the EAP only. However, schools in states with both EAP and CPR/AED training requirements reported higher rates of CPR/AED training implementation (95.5%) than states that only required CPR/AED training (81.6%, prevalence ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.20). Conclusions Based on these data, statewide policy requirements for the development of an EAP may be associated with increasing adoption of EAPs.

Athletic Trainers’ Perceived Challenges Toward Comprehensive Concussion Management in the Secondary School Setting

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cailee E. Welch Bacon ◽  
Gary W. Cohen ◽  
Melissa C. Kay ◽  
Dayna K. Tierney ◽  
Tamara C. Valovich McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Community Resources ◽  
Concussion Management ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Education Levels

Available financial and personnel resources often dictate the specifics of concussion policies and procedures in the secondary school setting. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore athletic trainers’ perceived challenges toward comprehensive concussion management in the secondary school setting. The findings indicate several challenges exist toward concussion management in the secondary school, including facility, personnel, and community resources, education levels of various stakeholders, and general perceptions of concussion and athletic trainers. It is important to identify challenges athletic trainers may face in order to develop strategies to align current concussion management procedures with current best practices.

scholarly journals Perspectives on Parenthood and Working of Female Athletic Trainers in the Secondary School and Collegiate Settings

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leamor Kahanov ◽  
Alice R. Loebsack ◽  
Matthew A. Masucci ◽  
Jeff Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Employment Setting ◽  
National Athletic Trainers Association ◽  
Original Survey

Abstract Context: Female athletic trainers (ATs) are currently underrepresented in the collegiate setting. Parenting and family obligations may play a role in this underrepresentation. Objective: To examine female ATs' perspectives on parenting and working in the secondary school and collegiate employment settings. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 1000 nonstudent, female certified ATs who were currently members of the National Athletic Trainers' Association. Main Outcome Measure(s): An original survey was developed to assess perceptions related to motherhood and work responsibilities. Descriptive statistics were used to assess age, years of experience as a certified AT, employment position, and parent or nonparent status. A correlation matrix was conducted to determine factors among parent and nonparent status, perceptions of motherhood, and employment-setting decisions. Results: Of the 1000 surveys sent via e-mail, 411 (41.1%) female ATs responded. Responses indicated that a majority of the female ATs worked in the secondary school setting. Sixty-one percent of the respondents did not have children. Past female ATs' experiences indicated a perception that motherhood created more challenges or struggles (or both) in the work and family settings. Whether parents considered children a factor in employment-setting changes produced conflicting results: no significant correlations or differences were found among responses. Conclusions: Parenting considerations had influences on both the home and employment settings. Although parents and nonparents had different views on the implications of parenting in the workplace, both groups agreed that parenting could affect the work environment and the choice to change employment settings and careers. Administrative decisions need to be considered in relation to parenting concerns. Mentoring that includes employment-setting choices relative to life goals should be provided to ATs, regardless of sex.

scholarly journals The Precaution Adoption Process Model in Describing Emergency Action Plan Adoption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Scarneo-Miller ◽  
Douglas Casa ◽  
Shuang Yin ◽  
Timothy Moore ◽  
Yuki Murata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Athletic Directors ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Precaution Adoption Process Model ◽  
Prevalence Ratios ◽  
Precaution Adoption

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the ability of the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) to classify athletic trainers (ATs) and athletic directors (ADs) readiness to act with regards to adopting an emergency action plan (EAP), and describe factors influencing PAPM stages. Method: We used a cross-sectional questionnaire design to evaluate readiness to act for developing an EAP among ATs and ADs working in United States high schools. The PAPM is a participant-driven model to identify someone’s readiness to act or change and has seven stages: Unaware, Unengaged, Undecided, Decided not to Act, Decided to Act, Acting and Maintaining. Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Results: A majority of ATs and ADs reported maintaining an EAP in their secondary school (AT “Maintaining” = 84.4%, AD “Maintaining” = 68.7%). ADs were more likely to be staged as “Decided not to Act” (PR=0.14, 95% CI= 0.05, 0.41) for the development of an EAP compared to ATs. ATs were more likely to be staged as “Maintaining” (PR=1.23, 95% CI = 1.16, 1.30) for the development of an EAP compared to ADs. Conclusions: The PAPM appears to be able to classify AT and AD readiness to act with adoption of an EAP. However, statistical modeling struggles to identify predictors for the various stages. Future research should aim to use the PAPM stages in the development of tailored interventions.

scholarly journals Return to Learn After Sport-Related Concussion: A Survey of Secondary School and Collegiate Athletic Trainers

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 990-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea L. Williamson ◽  
Grant E. Norte ◽  
Donna K. Broshek ◽  
Joseph M. Hart ◽  
Jacob E. Resch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Return To Learn ◽  
National Athletic Trainers Association

Context Recent recommendations have emphasized return-to-learn (RTL) protocols to aid athletes in recovery from sport-related concussion (SRC) but have been based primarily on anecdotal evidence. Objective To investigate the RTL practices of certified athletic trainers (ATs) after an SRC. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 1083 individuals (27%) from a random sample of 4000 ATs in the National Athletic Trainers' Association membership database completed an electronic survey. Participants consisted of 729 self-identified secondary school ATs (SSATs; 67.3%; experience = 14.0 ± 9.7 years) and 354 self-identified collegiate ATs (CATs; 32.7%; experience = 13.4 ± 9.7 years). Main Outcome Measure(s) We used χ2 analyses to assess respondent differences related to current knowledge, current practices, and available resources. Independent t tests were used to compare SSATs and CATs on years of certification and annual number of SRCs evaluated. Results Of our total respondents, 41.2% (n = 446) correctly indicated the absence of evidence-based RTL guidelines. Whereas most (73.9%, n = 800) respondents had an established RTL policy, only 38.1% (n = 413) used such guidelines in their clinical practice. Most (97.1%, n = 708) SSATs and 82.2% (n = 291) of CATs had access to (a) mental health professional(s); however, minorities of SSATs (21.4%, n = 156) and CATs (37.0%, n = 131) never accessed these resources to care for concussed student-athletes. Conclusions Our results suggested that, despite the absence of empirical evidence, most surveyed ATs incorporated some form of RTL protocol in their SRC management policy. The varying AT knowledge, clinical practices, and resources highlighted by our results should be considered when creating or refining an RTL protocol.

scholarly journals Athletic Trainers' Familiarity With and Perceptions of Academic Accommodations in Secondary School Athletes After Sport-Related Concussion

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richelle M. Williams ◽  
Cailee E. Welch ◽  
John T. Parsons ◽  
Tamara C. Valovich McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Academic Accommodations ◽  
Cognitive Rest ◽  
Perceived Familiarity

Context: Sport-related concussion can affect athletes' sport participation and academic success. With the recent emphasis on cognitive rest, student-athletes may benefit from academic accommodations (AA) in the classroom; however, athletic trainers' (ATs') perceived familiarity with, and use of, AA is unknown. Objective: To assess secondary school ATs' perceived familiarity with, attitudes and beliefs about, and incorporation of AA for student-athletes after sport-related concussion. A secondary purpose was to determine whether employment status altered familiarity and use of AA. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey. Patients or Other Participants: Of 3286 possible respondents, 851 secondary school ATs accessed the survey (response rate = 25.9%; 308 men [36.2%], 376 women [44.2%], 167 respondents [19.6%] with sex information missing; age = 37.3 ± 10.1 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were solicited via e-mail to complete the Beliefs, Attitudes and Knowledge Following Pediatric Athlete Concussion among Athletic Trainers employed in the secondary school setting (BAKPAC-AT) survey. The BAKPAC-AT assessed ATs' perceived familiarity, perceptions, and roles regarding 504 plans, Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), and returning student-athletes to the classroom. Independent variables were employment status (full time versus part time), employment model (direct versus outreach), years certified, and years of experience in the secondary school setting. The dependent variables were participants' responses to the AA questions. Spearman rank-correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships and Mann-Whitney U and χ2 tests (P < .05) were used to identify differences. Results: Respondents reported that approximately 41% of the student-athletes whose sport-related concussions they managed received AA. Respondents employed directly by the school were more familiar with 504 plans (P < .001) and IEPs (P < .001) and had a greater belief that ATs should have a role in AA. Both the number of years certified and the years of experience at the secondary school were significantly correlated with perceived familiarity regarding 504 plans and IEPs. Conclusions: The ATs employed directly by secondary schools and those with more experience as secondary school ATs were more familiar with AA. Understanding AA is important for all ATs because cognitive rest and “return to learn” are becoming more widely recommended in concussion management.

scholarly journals Engagement with dietary fibre and receptiveness to resistant starch in Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1915-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Mohr ◽  
Sinéad Quinn ◽  
Matthew Morell ◽  
David Topping
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Delivery Options ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
High Level

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate community engagement with the health benefits of dietary fibre (DF) and its potential as a framework for the promotion of increased consumption of resistant starch (RS).SettingA nationwide postal Food and Health Survey conducted in Australia by CSIRO Human Nutrition.SubjectsAdults aged 18 years and above, selected at random from the Australian Electoral Roll (n 849).DesignA cross-sectional design was employed to analyse ratings of (i) the importance of various RS health and functional claims and (ii) receptiveness to different foods as RS delivery vehicles, according to the respondents’ level of fibre engagement as classified under the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) of Health Behaviour.ResultsThere was a high level of recognition (89·5 %) of DF as being important for health. Significant gender differences were found for ratings of RS attributes and RS delivery options. Women were both more fibre-engaged than men and more receptive than men to RS and its potential benefits. Ratings of the acceptability of several foods as means of delivering RS revealed a general preference for healthy staples over indulgences, with the margin between acceptability of staples and indulgences increasing markedly with increased fibre engagement.ConclusionsApplication of the PAPM to awareness of DF reveals a ready-made target group for health messages about RS and pockets of differential potential receptiveness. The findings support the promotion of RS as providing health benefits of DF with the added reduction of risk of serious disease, its delivery through healthy staples and the targeting of messages at both fibre-engaged individuals and women in general.

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Screening Tool Practices Among Athletic Trainers in Secondary School and Collegiate Settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Fowler ◽  
Elizabeth Neil ◽  
Cameron Powden
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Cross Sectional

Purpose: Musculoskeletal (MSK) screening tools can allow athletic trainers (AT) to focus prevention efforts by providing patient risk information. The purpose of this study is to examine lower extremity MSK screening tool practices and perceptions of ATs in traditional settings. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to 4,937 full- and part-time collegiate and secondary school ATs randomly selected by the NATA. MSK screening tools were grouped into 7 categories: Range of Motion (ROM), Strength, Balance, Drop and Jump Landing (D/J Land), Double- and Single-Leg Hopping (D/S Hop), Movement Quality (MQual), and Injury History (History). For each screening tool category, questions assessed MSK screening tool usage, the perceived effectiveness of MSK screening tools to provide relevant injury risk and return to play (RTP) information, and MSK screening tools effect on decisions to implement prevention programs. Results: A total of 372 participants (female=215(48.4%), male=152(34.2%), age=35±10 years, experience=12±10 years, secondary school=194(52.2%), collegiate=178(47.8%)) completed the survey. Participants within our study indicated the used of the following screening tools categories in clinical practice: ROM=339(91.1%), Strength=342(91.9%), Balance=238(64.0%), D/J-Landing=134(36.0%), D/S-Hopping=233(62.6%), MQual=212(57.0%), History=316(85.0%), and None=18(4.8%). Conclusions: ATs in traditional settings indicate that they primarily use ROM, Strength, and History screening tools to gather information concerning LE injury risk and RTP. Implementation of screening tools most frequently occurred post-injury. Lastly, it seemed that intervention prescriptions were consistent regardless of screening tool used, suggesting blanket interventions prescription. This may have been do feelings of moderate effectiveness of these tools to determine injury risk.

scholarly journals The Level of Medical Services and Secondary School-Aged Athletes

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. DeWitt ◽  
Scott A. Unruh ◽  
Srivatsa Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Athletic Programs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics

Context: Medical organizations have recommended that administrators, parents, and community leaders explore every opportunity to make interscholastic athletic programs safe for participation, including employing athletic trainers at practices and competitive events. Objective: To determine the overall level of medical services provided for secondary school-aged athletes at high school athletic events in a rural southern state, to evaluate the employment of athletic trainers in the provision of medical services in secondary schools, and to compare athletic training medical services provided at athletic events among schools of various sizes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Questionnaires were sent to administrators at 199 secondary schools. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 144 administrators, including interscholastic athletic directors and school principals, from 199 secondary schools participated (72% response rate). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants completed the Self-Appraisal Checklist for Health Supervision in Scholastic Athletic Programs from the American Academy of Pediatrics, which has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to measure differences in groups. Results: We found differences in cumulative scores when measuring between institutional classifications (P≤.05). Cumulative scores for the Event Coverage section of the instrument ranged from 80.5 to 109.6 out of a total possible score of 126. We also found differences in several factors identified in the Event Coverage section (P≤.05). Conclusions: The number of coaching staff certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation or first aid was minimal. Most schools did not have a plan for providing minimal emergency equipment, ice, or water for visiting teams. We found that 88% (n = 7) of the 8 essential Event Coverage components that the American Academy of Pediatrics deems important were not addressed by schools represented in our study.

scholarly journals Athletic Trainers' Roles and Responsibilities Regarding Academic Adjustments as Part of the Concussion-Management Process in the Secondary School Setting

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cailee E. Welch Bacon ◽  
Melissa C. Kay ◽  
Tamara C. Valovich McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Concussion Management

Context:  Athletic trainers (ATs) play a vital role in managing the care of student-athletes after a sport-related concussion, yet little is known about their specific involvement in the implementation of academic adjustments as part of the concussion-management plan. Objective:  To explore ATs' perceived roles and responsibilities regarding the implementation of academic adjustments for concussed student-athletes. Design:  Qualitative study. Setting:  Individual telephone interviews. Patients or Other Participants:  Sixteen ATs employed in the secondary school setting (8 women, 8 men; age = 39.6 ± 7.9 years; athletic training experience = 15.1 ± 5.6 years), representing 12 states, were interviewed. Data Collection and Analysis:  One telephone interview was conducted with each participant. After the interviews were transcribed, the data were analyzed and coded into themes and categories, which were determined via consensus of a 4-person research team. To decrease researcher bias, triangulation occurred through participant member checking, the inclusion of multiple researchers, and an internal auditor. Results:  Several categories related to participants' perceptions regarding their roles and responsibilities within the academic-adjustments process emerged from data analysis: (1) understanding of academic adjustments, (2) perceptions of their roles in academic adjustments, (3) initiation of academic adjustments, (4) facilitation of academic adjustments, and (5) lack of a role in the academic-adjustments process. Although most ATs perceived that they had a role in the initiation and facilitation of academic adjustments for concussed student-athletes, some reported they did not want a role in the process. Regardless, participants frequently suggested the need for further education. Conclusions:  These findings highlight that ATs either wanted to be involved in the implementation of academic adjustments but felt further education was needed or they did not want to be involved because they felt that it was not in their area of expertise. To create a cohesive concussion-management team, it is vital that ATs understand their individual and collaborative roles in the secondary school setting.

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