scholarly journals Οίκέταί (huisbediendes) in die eerste-eeuse Grieks-Romeinse samelewing

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Van Wyk ◽  
F. J. Van Rensburg
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Peter 2 ◽  
1 Peter ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Foundational Work ◽  
General Perspective

This article attempts to do the foundational work for a construct of the probable socio-historic context of household servants mentioned in 1 Peter 2:18. The article provides a general perspective of the different social classes, especially the lower classes in the Graeco-Roman society during the first century A.D. It is proposed that not all slaves were part of the lowest level of the social structure and that not all Roman citizens were equal or functioned as part of the top level of the social pyramid. Many slaves were indeed household servants. Some ex­- slaves (freedmen and freedwomen), however, were also classified according to this category. It is possible and probable that some (poor) citizens and (poor) foreigners were household servants.

Regum Externorum Consuetudine: The Nature and Function of Embalming in Rome

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek B. Counts
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Death Ritual ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Apparent Shift ◽  
And Function

Although embalming is traditionally considered an Egyptian custom, ancient sources suggest that in imperial Rome the practice was not employed by Egyptians or Egyptianized Romans alone. The mos Romanorum in funerary ritual encompassed both cremation and inhumation, yet embalming appears in Rome as early as the first century AD and evidence points to its limited use during the first three centuries AD. Within the social structure of Rome's dead these preserved corpses certainly occupied a distinct place. Yet who were they and why were they embalmed? It is argued here that various factors allowed for the occasional use of embalming by Romans: (1) an apparent shift in attitudes towards Egypt, (2) the manipulation of death ritual for social distinction, and (3) the flexibility of the traditional Roman funeral, which was able to incorporate deviations in methods of body disposal. Although embalming has been largely ignored as a significant aspect of Roman funerary history, its patrons come from the classes of highest status, including even the imperial household. This fact alone makes it worthwhile to examine this small corpus of evidence. For example, the emperor Nero embalmed his wife Poppaea; such a deviation from standard disposal methods reflects imperial fashion, but also requires us to re-evaluate Nero's reign and, especially, the societal constructs of Neronian Rome. This study attempts to contextualize embalming within Roman society and offer some likely causes and effects of its use.

scholarly journals The Social Structure of District School Students in the Kazan Governorate during the First Half of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
G.V. Ibneyeva ◽  
◽  
A.I. Shakirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, changes that took place in the social structure of district school students in the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century were analyzed. It was shown that the social representation of district school students in the region under consideration changed under the influence of the government policy on education. With the help of numerous archival clerical documents, a complex study was performed to reconstruct the social image of a typical student attending any of the district schools in the Kazan governorate of that time. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of the available archival sources, a percentage ratio of students from different social classes was determined. Changes in the size of each social class were determined using mathematical methods. It was concluded that district schools of the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century saw a gradual increase in the number of students representing various social classes (lower middle class, merchants, and peasants) from both urban and rural areas. At the same time, a rise in the number of students coming from the privileged social classes was also detected.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Topher L. McDougal
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
First Century ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
Governance Institutions

This chapter serves as an accessible introduction to the issue, divided into five subsections. Section 1.1 describes the principal puzzle driving the research: why do some rural-based rebel groups prey on urban areas, while others do not? Section 1.2 summarizes the thesis: namely, that the structure of the transportation network and the social structure of the trade network jointly inform the outcome. Section 1.3 argues for the importance of this study, contending that understanding the rural–urban relationship will bolster our understanding of economic governance more generally—and the nature of disruptions currently upsetting the scalar consolidation of governance institutions in the early twenty-first century. Section 1.4 discusses the gap in scholarly literature this study fills. Section 1.5 describes the structure of the remaining chapters.

The Freedman's Story: an Accusation of Witchcraft in the Social World of Early Imperial Roman Italy (CIL11.4639 =ILS3001)

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
Duncan E. Macrae
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social World ◽  
First Century ◽  
Slave Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
Roman Italy ◽  
Ambiguous Position

AbstractThis article proposes a new reading of a late first-centuryc.e.inscribed dedication from Todi (Umbria) as an accusation of witchcraft, a rhetorical text aimed at propagating a particular story among the local community. Historical and anthropological studies of witchcraft accusations in other societies have emphasised how they can reveal tensions and anxieties that are normally not visible to the observer. By drawing on these studies and close examination of the language and content of the inscription, this article analyses an historical agent's experience of the social structure of early imperial Italy. The accusation is read as a freedman's response to his ambiguous position in a slave society, the ambivalent power of writing in Roman culture and the religious claims of Flavian imperial discourse.

Rediscovering Inequality and Class Analysis in Post-1989 Slovakia

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Fabo
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
Radical Transformation

The onset of the Velvet Revolution in 1989 led to a radical transformation of the social structure and new types of economic inequalities in Slovakia, but the media, academia, and civil society initially rejected any talk of these developments in terms of class, seeing the topic as potentially toxic to democracy. There was a tendency to veer away from the study of new social stratification toward research on postmaterialist topics such as environmental protection, civil rights, and alternative subcultures. Those social scientists who did study the changing social structure mostly analyzed statistical data without linking this to a broader theoretical framework. Social classes came to be discussed in gradational rather than relational terms, without discussion of how one group’s new privileges comes at the expense of others. In the early 2000s, radical neoliberal thinking became prominent, leading to the pervasive presentation of the poor and working poor as themselves responsible for their own fate. A backlash against that led to the triumph of the SMER party in 2006, which allowed topics such as poverty and social justice to return to everyday political discourse, and in this sense allowed for the return of class into politics. A younger generation of Slovak social scientists now regularly criticize the cult of the market and argue for an alternative political economy, though ongoing neoliberal hegemony in public discourse continues to make it hard for these new voices to be heard.

scholarly journals THE TWO-LEVEL STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL CLASSES AS THE MAIN FEATURE OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL CLASS MODEL

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Сергей Николаевич Смирнов
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Mechanism

Рассматриваются некоторые характеристики сословной модели России в XVII - начале XX в. Основной особенностью социальной структуры России автор полагает наличие внутри каждого из сословий двух и более субсословий. Автор затрагивает также влияние этой характеристики на функционирование организационно-правового механизма вертикальной социальной мобильности. Some characteristics of the social class model of Russia in the 17th - early 20th centuries are considered. The author considers the presence of two or more sub-classes within each of the social class to be the main feature of Russian social structure. The author also touches upon the influence of this characteristic on the functioning of the organizational and legal mechanism of vertical social mobility.

scholarly journals A kapitalista társadalom struktúrája

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-177
Author(s):  
Zoltán Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Restricted Class ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social

In this paper, I discuss the social structure of modern capitalist society in a new conception based on the theory of institutional sociology. In the first part of the paper, I briefly outline the social structure of modern capitalist society. Taking social relations into account in terms of certain types of social capital and social relationships, I differentiate the following social classes in the modern capitalist society: (1) authority class, (2) strong tolerated class, (3) supported class, (4) medial tolerated class, (5) patronized class, (6) restricted class, (7) less weak tolerated class, (8) less exposed class, (9) very weak tolerated class and (10) very exposed class. In the second part of the paper, I analyse the social structure or the social classes composing the social structure in more detail. In the third part, I point out further aspects that ought to be considered in the empirical research of the social structure of capitalist society

On the Social Setting of the Revelation to John

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Slater
Keyword(s):  
Social Practices ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Convictions

Revisionists have argued that no empire-wide persecution of Christians occurred in the late first century and that Domitian was neither a persecutor of Christians nor an evil, incompetent ruler. This essay agrees with those points but also argues that a closer examination of extant Roman and Christian late first/early second century writers demonstrates that Christians were held in low esteem and suffered in Roman society because of their religious convictions. This study argues that Revelation was a Christian response to religio-political pressures by indigenous Asian pagans upon Christians to conform to traditional social practices in Roman Asia.

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