Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Topher L. McDougal
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
First Century ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
Governance Institutions

This chapter serves as an accessible introduction to the issue, divided into five subsections. Section 1.1 describes the principal puzzle driving the research: why do some rural-based rebel groups prey on urban areas, while others do not? Section 1.2 summarizes the thesis: namely, that the structure of the transportation network and the social structure of the trade network jointly inform the outcome. Section 1.3 argues for the importance of this study, contending that understanding the rural–urban relationship will bolster our understanding of economic governance more generally—and the nature of disruptions currently upsetting the scalar consolidation of governance institutions in the early twenty-first century. Section 1.4 discusses the gap in scholarly literature this study fills. Section 1.5 describes the structure of the remaining chapters.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elana Levine
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
First Century ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Feminine Identity ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Twenty First Century

This introductory chapter briefly tackles the broad scope of scholarly literature on feminized popular culture, and also provides an overview of this area in the twenty-first century. Its focus is on forms of early-twenty-first-century popular culture that are strongly associated with femininity—the social and economic forces that create such culture, the ways these cultural products speak to and about feminine identity, and the ways that audiences, readers, and users engage with and experience this culture. In addition, the chapter details in brief the influences, both current and historic, which inform the central themes of this volume, as well as the aims and specific lines of inquiry that this volume seeks to pursue.

Regum Externorum Consuetudine: The Nature and Function of Embalming in Rome

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek B. Counts
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Death Ritual ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Apparent Shift ◽  
And Function

Although embalming is traditionally considered an Egyptian custom, ancient sources suggest that in imperial Rome the practice was not employed by Egyptians or Egyptianized Romans alone. The mos Romanorum in funerary ritual encompassed both cremation and inhumation, yet embalming appears in Rome as early as the first century AD and evidence points to its limited use during the first three centuries AD. Within the social structure of Rome's dead these preserved corpses certainly occupied a distinct place. Yet who were they and why were they embalmed? It is argued here that various factors allowed for the occasional use of embalming by Romans: (1) an apparent shift in attitudes towards Egypt, (2) the manipulation of death ritual for social distinction, and (3) the flexibility of the traditional Roman funeral, which was able to incorporate deviations in methods of body disposal. Although embalming has been largely ignored as a significant aspect of Roman funerary history, its patrons come from the classes of highest status, including even the imperial household. This fact alone makes it worthwhile to examine this small corpus of evidence. For example, the emperor Nero embalmed his wife Poppaea; such a deviation from standard disposal methods reflects imperial fashion, but also requires us to re-evaluate Nero's reign and, especially, the societal constructs of Neronian Rome. This study attempts to contextualize embalming within Roman society and offer some likely causes and effects of its use.

scholarly journals Οίκέταί (huisbediendes) in die eerste-eeuse Grieks-Romeinse samelewing

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Van Wyk ◽  
F. J. Van Rensburg
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Peter 2 ◽  
1 Peter ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Foundational Work ◽  
General Perspective

This article attempts to do the foundational work for a construct of the probable socio-historic context of household servants mentioned in 1 Peter 2:18. The article provides a general perspective of the different social classes, especially the lower classes in the Graeco-Roman society during the first century A.D. It is proposed that not all slaves were part of the lowest level of the social structure and that not all Roman citizens were equal or functioned as part of the top level of the social pyramid. Many slaves were indeed household servants. Some ex­- slaves (freedmen and freedwomen), however, were also classified according to this category. It is possible and probable that some (poor) citizens and (poor) foreigners were household servants.

Making Maya Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Pete Sigal
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Yucatec Maya ◽  
Hollywood Film ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Film Producer ◽  
Maya People

The Franciscan friar Diego de Landa, in the mid-sixteenth century, and the Holly-wood film producer and director Mel Gibson, in the early twenty-first century, created Maya men as beings with perverted and penetrated bodies. In 1566 Landa wrote his Relación de las cosas de Yucatán, an extensive text about the Maya people. In 2006 Gibson released Apocalypto, a Hollywood film in which all dialogue was in Yucatec Maya. Landa and Gibson both argued that they showed the true Maya world, but each expressed a visceral reaction to Maya sacrifice and, in so doing, infested their own fantasies with nightmares of savage Maya men. This essay argues that by analyzing the voyeurism and fantasies of Landa and Gibson, we can come to terms with the position of Maya masculinity in modern Western imaginations. Moreover, by working to understand Landa’s and Gibson’s investments in perverse Maya men, we can think about why Western people formulate fantasies of colonized subjects. Finally, these fantasies of non-Western subjectivities can speak to the stakes involved in queer theory’s understanding of the social sphere, the heterosexual family, and the child as a sign of the future.

scholarly journals Introduction: Assessing the Effects of Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin American Societies in the Early Twenty-First Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-420
Author(s):  
Theodoros Papadopoulos ◽  
Ricardo Velázquez Leyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
First Century ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social

Latin America has emerged as a social policy ‘laboratory’ in recent decades and most prominent among the social policy innovations developed in the region are the so-called Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programmes (Cecchini et al., 2015; Borges Sugiyama, 2011; Martínez Franzoni et al., 2009). They have been widely promoted by international organisations across the world as policy instruments that enhance human capital and the agency of participants while reducing poverty and inequality and promoting co-responsibility and self-help in the long-term (see Sandberg, 2015; Bastagli, 2009; Lomelí, 2008, 2009).

scholarly journals Historical complexity of myth: in search of the genesis of the whip-dance whereby Wayana dance in imitation of Tamok (Eastern Guiana Highlands)

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renzo Duin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
First Century ◽  
Evil Spirit ◽  
Ritual Performance ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Insight Into

This article discusses the conditions of the genesis of the nineteenth century Wayana whip-dance, aiming for what Terence Turner coined "ethno-ethnohistory", through the method of Neil Whitehead's "ethnography of historical consciousness". This study outlines an indigenous historical consciousness of the social present in Guiana as related to events from the past, by means of the entanglement of things, places, and people related to this whip-dance ritual. The article discusses the Eastern Guiana whip-dance as a social field of interaction in three regions and three time periods: (1) the Upper Maroni Basin (French Guiana and Suriname) in the early twenty-first century; (2) the Franco-Brazilian Contested area (today's Brazilian Amapá) in the nineteenth century; and (3) a posited origin of this 'mythstory' at the Lower Amazon in the sixteenth century. Rather than conducting a study of a 'lost tradition', these three case-studies will provide insight into the process of how Wayana indigenous people have managed their histories of first contact in Guiana through ritual performance and the materialization of the evil spirit Tamok.

Dementia, Selves, and Stories

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Christer Hydén
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Physical World ◽  
First Century ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Self And Identity ◽  
Over Time

This chapter provides information on the social and cultural background of dementia from the early twentieth century into the early twenty-first century. The chapter presents an overview of the discussions about dementia, self, and identity, with a particular emphasis on research on narrative and dementia. The ideas around identity in dementia, from Kitwood to Sabat and Kontos, are discussed, together with research on storytelling in dementia. A general conclusion from this chapter is that although persons with dementia over time will become increasingly challenged as storytellers, they are still active meaning-makers. They are obviously still engaged in the never-ending activity of making sense of their social as well as physical world—events in the world, as well as what people are saying and doing. Telling stories is central to this endeavor, which entails “world-making” as well as “self-making” through constructing, presenting, and negotiating a sense of self and identity.

scholarly journals Implementing the Law of khulʿ in Egypt

Hawwa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 265-294
Author(s):  
Monika Lindbekk
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
First Century ◽  
Family Court ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family And Marriage ◽  
Family Court Judges ◽  
Male Authority

Abstract This article aims to contribute to the growing scholarly literature on the implementation of shariʿa-based family law codes by describing and analyzing the gender implications of religiously inspired judicial activism in relation to judicial divorce through khulʿ. The article highlights two functions played by family court judges and other legal professionals. First, I argue that Egyptian family court judges and other court personnel, such as court experts and court-appointed arbiters from al-Azhar, enjoy considerable discretion in interpreting and implementing the personal status codes. Second, the article argues that legal professionals sometimes use the court and other legal spaces as a platform to articulate alternative visions of family and marriage, as well as to voice anxieties over a perceived increase in female-initiated divorce. The article situates these contradictory practices against the background of the contestation of early twenty-first-century reforms, which challenged male authority in the family, in particular the 2000 law of judicial khulʿ.

Urbanization and Development: The Emergence of International Nongovernmental Organizations amid Declining States

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
York W. Bradshaw ◽  
Mark J. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
First Century ◽  
International Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Impact

Half of the world's population will live in cities by the early twenty-first century, and, of the ten most populated cities, nine will be in the developing world. Unfortunately, this is occurring at a time when national governments are increasingly unable to provide basic public services to growing populations. International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) have dramatically increased their efforts in urban areas and in economic and social development in general. Although sociologists have examined the causes and effects of Third World urbanization and development, they have not focused on the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in this process. We argue that inclusion of NGOs in the literature is necessary and even compatible with several current theories of development. We test the impact of INGOs on three interrelated measures of urbanization and development: overurbanization, economic growth, and access to safe water. The results show that INGOs slow overurbanization and promote economic and social development.

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