scholarly journals Die funksie van Elihu (Job 32-37) in die boek Job

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-192
Author(s):  
H. Viviers
Keyword(s):  
Implied Reader ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Implied Author ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Politeness Strategies

The function of Elihu (Job 32-37) in the book of Job. The Elihu speeches (Job 32-37) in the design of the book of Job are usually evaluated either totally redundant or literary fitting and functional. Why were they integrated in the book of Job, without adding anything new or profound? A literary-pragmatic analysis was done on these speeches to detennine their function in Job. The text was analysed narratologically and poetically. This was complemented with insights from reception-criticism ("implied author", "implied reader") and pragmatics (politeness strategies) in order to also. read "between the lines". The exigency for the integration of the Elihu speeches in the book of Job seems to be the ironic exposure of the doctrine of retribution.

scholarly journals METAFICTIONAL FEATURES IN MUṢṬAFĀ AL-RĀFI‘Ī’S “RASĀ’IL AL-’AḤZĀN (LETTERS OF SORROWS)” ملامح ميتاقصّيّة في "رسائل الأحزان" لمصطفى الرافعي

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hamad ◽  
Mahmoud Kabha
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Implied Reader ◽  
Implied Author ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Literary Phenomenon

This study traces the signs of metawriting or metafiction as a phenomenon in a literary sample written by al-Rāfi‘ī in 1924. More specifically, the study investigates the features of this phenomenon in al-Rāfi‘ī’s book “Rasā’il ’al-’Aḥzān (Letters of Sorrows)”. The study attempts to answer the following questions: How did al-Rāfi‘ī work with metafiction before it appeared as a literary phenomenon at the end of the twentieth century? And how was metafiction reflected in his literary writings? We do indeed find that al-Rāfi‘ī talked about the author, the narrator and the implied author. He also talked about metalanguage and about writing as a craft, discussing its processes, purposes, methodologies and expressive techniques as well as exploring the relationship between the author and the implied reader. All of these are considered metafictional features, thus proving our hypothesis that metafiction as a phenomenon had existed before the end of the twentieth century, and that al-Rāfi‘ī used various metafictional features in his writings. نتتبع في هذه الدراسة إرهاصات لظاهرة الميتاكتابة أو الميتاقص، في نموذج أدبي للرافعي من عام 1924. حيث تستقصي الدراسة ملامح الظاهرة في كتابه "رسالة الأحزان". تحاول الدراسة الإجابة عن السؤال: كيف اشتغل الرافعي بالميتاكتابة قبل أن تكون ظاهرة أدبية كما ظهر في نهاية القرن العشرين؟ وكيف انعكست الميتا كتابة في كتاباته الأدبية؟ نجد أن الرافعي قد تحدّث عن المؤلف والراوي والمؤلف الضمنيّ، وعن الميتالغة وعن الكتابة كصنعة، سيرورتها والغاية منها، منهجيتها وأدواتها التعبيرية، كما تحدث عن علاقة المؤلف بالقارئ الافتراضي المروي له. يعتبر كل ذلك ملامح ميتاقصية، مما يثبت فرضيتنا أن الظاهرة الميتاقصية وجدت قبل نهاية القرن العشرين، وأن الرافعي استخدم بعضا منها. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0880/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals The social context of the Book of Job

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 756-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon A Roper
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Implied Author ◽  
The Social ◽  
Divine Retribution ◽  
Dramatic Narrative ◽  
The Way

Although much has been written about the Book of Job, no consensus exists among scholars with regard to issues such as the dating and origins of this book. In this article the controversies surrounding the social context of the book of Job are discussed. This is followed by an attempt to reconstruct a possible socio-theological context for this book. In doing this, special attention will be given to the writer’ s possible relationship with the mainstream theological tradition of his day. This will be done by considering the possible aim of the “implied” author in constructing the book as well as the ways in which he has gone about achieving this aim. It is concluded that the implied author aimed to critically comment on the way in which the orthodox wisdom teachers of his time had clung to the traditional dogma of divine retribution. In doing this, this author seems to have employed various indirect techniques such as the use of a dramatic narrative to convey his message.

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Analysis of Mitigation in the New Testament and Prophetic Traditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Riyadh Tariq Kadhim Al-Ameedi ◽  
Adawiaya Sattar Abood
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
Directive Speech Acts

This paper attempts to investigate mitigation in biblical verses and prophetic traditions from a pragmatic perspective. This study tries to answer the following question: what are the most common pragmatic theories by which this phenomenon is conveyed by the speaker and understood by the listener. Accordingly, it tries to achieve the following aims: 1) specifying the most prominent categories of speech acts employed in such texts; 2) delineating the politeness strategies exploited in this discourse; 3) identifying the deictic expressions and pragmatic – conversational strategies utilized in both texts, It is hypothesized that 1) biblical verses and prophetic traditions show variations in the use of directive speech acts; 2) both positive and negative politeness strategies are employed in religious discourse ;3) non-specific reference and second person plural as deictic expressions are supposed to be used widely in this discourse;4) hinting strategy is employed highly in religious discourse because it indicates indirectness. An eclectic model is developed which utilizes Searle's (1969) model of speech acts and Brown & Levinson's (1987) model of politeness. The data of analysis are limited to three biblical texts taken from the New Testament and three prophetic traditions. Findings of the analysis reveal that the first and second hypotheses are fully validated whereas the third and fourth ones are partially invalidated in that non-specific reference pronouns such as 'one' is not used in biblical texts and the hinting strategy is not the most prominent strategy in biblical texts.

A socio-pragmatic investigation of the persuasive strategies in "al-ittijāh al-muʿākis" (‘The Opposite Direction’) on Al-Jazeera TV

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-537
Author(s):  
Sadam Issa
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Al Jazeera ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Persuasive Strategies ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Politeness Strategies

This study is a socio-pragmatic analysis of persuasive strategies used by the participants in “al-ittijāh al-muʿākis”, “The Opposite Direction”, on the Al-­Jazeera TV channel. An ethnographic approach was adopted in the research; the analysis focused on the use of politeness strategies and face-saving and face-­threatening interactions in order to find out their persuasive factors. I observe that religious citations, prophetic sayings, proverbs, and metaphor are used predominantly by the participants in communicating various political issues. I argue that the persuasiveness of these rhetorical strategies stems from their aesthetic influence in establishing moral credibility and in evoking emotional responses. I also argue that these rhetorical strategies are speech acts that indirectly provoke responses and/or aim at saving the speakers’ and/or addressees’ face. The study concludes that persuasiveness is facilitated in part by transferring socio-pragmatic meanings through the use of some politeness and figurative devices such as honorific modes, metaphors and proverbs.

scholarly journals Politeness Strategies used in Lwisukha in Local Public Administrative Meetings

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
Lilian Ingato ◽  
Atichi Alati ◽  
David Barasa
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Communication Breakdown ◽  
Linguistic Politeness ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gender Influences

The use of politeness strategies among Abiisukha is propelled by the cultural need to maintain close ties and relationship. When the relationship is not maintained, there will definitely be a communication breakdown (Billow & Krauss 1988). This occurs when one interactant feels offended and the partner does not mend the offense using a polite strategy. Generally, rules of interaction are like grammatical rules as they allow social members to perform their acts according to various mutual expectations and to understand each other by making a sense of features like apologizing, requesting or complimenting. Being sensitive to these acts in the course of interaction satisfies the feelings of the offended partner (Chomsky, 1990). In this paper, we present a pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Abiisukha in local public administrative meetings. Firstly, we introduce the politeness strategies used by Lwisukha speakers in local public administrative meetings. Secondly, we explain how gender influences the use of linguistic politeness strategies in local public administrative meetings. And lastly, we show how setting influences the use of linguistic politeness strategies. The findings of this paper will be helpful to the stake holders and policy makers as it will enable them appreciate the need of politeness strategies for the coexistence of not only Lwisukha speech community but the country at large considering that Kenya as a country has so many tribes with different languages. The politeness strategies identified in Lwisukha can be incorporated in the other Kenyan languages.

scholarly journals National Cultures and Politeness Strategies in Intercultural Communication Among Japanese and American Characters in “The Last Samurai” Movie: A Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Eka Nurilaila ◽  
Sigit Ricahyono ◽  
Dwi Setyadi ◽  
Samsul Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

<p>The study which is descriptive qualitative in nature, aims to investigate preference of politeness strategies by American and Japanese characters in  “The Last Samurai movie and explain it in terms the national culture.  Results show that the order of preference by Americans is: 1) BoP (11/50%), 2) PoP (7/31.8%), 3) NeP (3/13.6%), and 4) OfR (1/4.5%).  That by the Japanese is: 1) OfR (18/60%), 2) BoR (6/20%), 3). NeP (6/20%), 4) PoP (0). American national culture and that of Japan which are different affect their preference of politeness strategies shown in “The Last Samurai” movie. In conclusion, language and culture affect each other. People coming from different language and culture communicate differently.</p>

scholarly journals Methods of Representing Implied Author and Implied Reader in GavKhuni and its Film Adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (86) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Ali Taslimi ◽  
Behrouz Mahmoudi Bakhtiari ◽  
Mahmoud Ranjbar ◽  
Fakhry Rasouli Geravi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Film Adaptation ◽  
Implied Reader ◽  
Implied Author

scholarly journals Politeness Strategies in Directive Speech Acts in Local Indonesian Parliament Assembly Proceedings

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Kuncoro Dibyo Sarjono Maskuri ◽  
Samiati Tarjana ◽  
Djatmika Djatmika ◽  
Dwi Purnanto
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Directive Speech

This study reports on politeness in directive speech acts appearing within the proceedings of the local parliament for Sukoharjo, Indonesia. The aim is to explain the politeness strategies used to convey intended persuasive forces during parliamentary discourses. Drawing upon the pragmatic qualitative approach, this study examined 18 parliamentarians and data on their previous utterances&rsquo; form, function, meaning, and context in the proceedings. Using data collected through observation, records, and documentation, it looks at how the politicians acted. The results show that directive acts represent the main performance, with 154 tokens of illocution and 44 directive speech acts for politeness. Politeness strategies to perform directive speech acts are colored with on record, positive politeness, and aversion-to-acting negative politeness. The characters for positive politeness include inviting-gentle-direct, repressing-gentle-direct, suggesting-gentle-indirect, repressing-gentle-indirect, gentle-indirect, and respecting direct. This study implies pragmatic analysis in a different setting where an emphasized degree of formality is required. Suggestions are made to compare or contrast with utterances in less formal interactions, such as in the negotiations between a buyer and seller, and in religious circumstances like sermons in a mosque, church, or colloquial proceedings.

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Analysis of Hyperbole in John Keats’ Love Letters to Fanny Brawn

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Sahar Altikriti
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
John Keats ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Figure Of Speech ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Love Letters ◽  
Context Of Situation

<p>Hyperbole is an ever-present figure of speech in daily communication. It over-exaggerates the speaker’s meaning through his / her intense feelings and sincere attitude towards the listener, and hence, it reflects the speaker’s real intention. Hyperbole received a scant attention in comparison to other figures of speech as linguistic and discourse studies attempted to focus on the listener’s response rather than considering the interactive aspect. Hyperbolic expressions have been discussed in informal everyday conversation and academic writing, but less in other genres such as the genre of love letters. Moreover, a pragmatic analysis to both notions has not been shed light upon with much consideration. Thus, the main aim of this study is to investigate both the pragmatic role of hyperbole and detect the use of politeness strategies in seven love letters written by John Keats addressed to Fanny Brawne. The analysis is based on the recognition of positive and negative politeness strategies proposed in Brown and Levinson’s Theory of Politeness (1987).The study demonstrates that both positive and negative strategies and the pragmatic function of hyperbole correlate with the writer’s status and vary according to the context of situation. The results of the analysis revealed that positive politeness strategies were used more frequently than negative ones. Additionally, the findings proved that Keats used hyperbole in his love letters where either positive or negative (or both) emotions revealed to make the intended message of the speaker have even more effective results on the part of the hearer with an emotive persuasion.</p>

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