Factors associated with variation in insecticide quantity being used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) elimination in Bihar, India

Abstract Background The visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) elimination programme in India relies on indoor residual spraying (IRS) for sand-fly vector control. Insecticide supplied by a new manufacturer was introduced for IRS in 2019. We aimed to explore whether this led to a change in insecticide quantity being used in the field. Methods We compared measurements of weights of 250 mL of insecticide powder of two different manufacturers using a certified and calibrated weighing instrument. Results The density of insecticide supplied in 2019 was 43.4% lower than that in 2018, thereby leading to underdosing during current IRS activity. Conclusions Insecticide-measuring containers should be recalibrated prior to every IRS round and also when an insecticide manufacturer changes, so that the insecticide dose is maintained within the recommended range.

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The use of remote sensing in the identification of the eco–environmental factors associated with the risk of human visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) on the Gangetic plain, in north–eastern India

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology ◽

10.1179/136485910x12607012373678 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 35-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

G. S. Bhunia ◽

V. Kumar ◽

A. J. Kumar ◽

P. Das ◽

S. Kesari

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Eastern India ◽

Gangetic Plain ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Kala Azar ◽

Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

North Eastern ◽

North Eastern India

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Exposure Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Loima Sub-County of Turkana County, Kenya

American Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.11648/j.ajlm.20170206.16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 144 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joseph Akutaa Lotukoi

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Kala Azar

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Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in selected high endemic areas of Morang, Nepal: A case control study

Journal of Kathmandu Medical College ◽

10.3126/jkmc.v9i3.36406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 188-196

Author(s):

Punam Kumari Mandal ◽

Rajendra Raj Wagle ◽

Surendra Uranw ◽

Ajoy Kumar Thakur

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Ground Floor ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Kala Azar ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Migration ◽

Control Study

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health concern in Nepal. During the last few years, several Kala-azar outbreaks have been reported from Terai region including Morang district, Nepal. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with Kala-azar at individual and household levels in selected highly endemic areas of Morang district of eastern Nepal. Methodology: A case control study was conducted in five endemic village development committees of Morang district with 62 cases already treated from B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and Koshi Zonal Hospital. Two hundred and forty eight controls were selected randomly from the same village at the ratio of 1:4. Data was collected between September and November 2013 using structured questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were done and the final model was selected using the backward elimination strategy. Results: This study showed that the majority of cases (29.0%) were from the 13-25 years age group, males are more than females and indigenous caste (74.2%) were affected more than other caste. Living in thatched house (OR 4.57, 95% CI 1.91-10.93), ownership of animal (OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.87-8.37), sleeping on the ground floor (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.83-8.31), history of migration to India and proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance of household were significant risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis. The association with socioeconomic status remained significant and there was a clear dose – response effect. Conclusion: Living in thatched house, ownership of animals, sleeping on the ground floor, history of migration to India, proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance and poverty are the main risk factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis transmission.

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Intensely clustered outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in a setting of seasonal migration in a village of Bihar, India

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-019-4719-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arvind Kumar ◽

Suman Saurabh ◽

Sarosh Jamil ◽

Vijay Kumar

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Gravid Female ◽

Indoor Residual Spraying ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Seasonal Migration ◽

Medical Expenditure ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Disadvantaged Community ◽

Kala Azar ◽

Cone Bioassay

Abstract Background A visceral leishmaniasis outbreak was reported from a village in a low-endemic district of Bihar, India. Methods Outbreak investigation with house-to-house search and rapid test of kala-azar suspects and contacts was carried out. Sandfly collection and cone bio-assay was done as part of entomological study. Results A spatially and temporally clustered kala-azar outbreak was found at Kosra village in Sheikhpura district with 70 cases reported till December 2018. Delay of more than a year was found between diagnosis and treatment of the index case. The southern hamlet with socio-economically disadvantaged migrant population was several times more affected than rest of the village (attack rate of 19.0% vs 0.5% respectively, ORMH = 39.2, 95% CI 18.2–84.4). The median durations between onset of fever to first contact with any health services, onset to kala-azar diagnosis, diagnosis to treatment were 10 days (IQR 4–18), 30 days (IQR 17–73) and 1 day (IQR 0.5 to 3), respectively, for 50 kala-azar cases assessed till June 2017. Three-fourths of these kala-azar cases had out-of-pocket medical expenditure for their condition. Known risk factors for kala-azar such as illiteracy, poverty, belonging to socially disadvantaged community, migration, residing in kutcha houses, sleeping in rooms with unplastered walls and non-use of mosquito nets were present in majority of these cases. Only half the dwellings of the kala-azar cases were fully sprayed. Fully gravid female P. argentipes collected post indoor residual spraying (IRS) and low sandfly mortality on cone-bioassay indicated poor effectiveness of vector control. Conclusions There is need to focus on low-endemic areas of kala-azar. The elimination programme should implement a routine framework for kala-azar outbreak response. Complete case-finding, use of quality-compliant insecticide and coverage of all sprayable surfaces in IRS could help interrupt transmission during outbreaks.

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Magnitude of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Bihar with Insights from Madhepura District

Artha Vijnana Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics ◽

10.21648/arthavij/2016/v58/i4/153067 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 339 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dipti Govil ◽

Sarang Pedgaonkar ◽

Harihar Sahoo ◽

K. C. Das

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Kala Azar

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Factors associated with human visceral leishmaniasis cases during urban epidemics in Brazil: a systematic review

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182021000019 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Cleya da Silva Santana Cruz ◽

David Soeiro Barbosa ◽

Vinícius Cunha Oliveira ◽

Diogo Tavares Cardoso ◽

Nathália Sernizon Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Individual Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The North ◽

Unified Health System

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in 70 countries and has been reported in 12 countries of Latin America, with over 90% of the cases reported in Brazil, where epidemics have occurred since 1980. The objective of this review is to describe the factors associated with the occurrence of VL epidemics in humans in urban areas. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA-P guidelines. The databases PubMed (by Medline), Cochrane Library, Embase, Amed, LILACS and grey literature [Google Scholar and handsearch of the database of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) of Brazil's Unified Health System] were used. The protocol was registered under PROSPERO (CRD42019128998). Climatic, environmental factors and indicators of urban social structure were described as influencing the outbreaks in the North and Northeast regions. Gender and age characteristics were related to a greater chance of developing VL in the Central-West, Northeast and Southeast regions. Vector indicators showed a positive correlation with the incidence of VL in studies in the Northeast region. In the Southeast and Northeast regions, studies revealed the presence of dogs with positive correlation with VL. Knowledge gaps remain regarding the contribution to the increase in the risk factors described in ecological approaches, as no analysis was performed at the individual level, and it is still necessary to discuss the influence of other associated elements in epidemic episodes in the spread of VL.

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