Skull bone thickness versus malocclusion

Objective The objectives of this study were to determine the thickness of skull bones, namely frontal, parietal, and occipital bones in Class I, Class II, and Class III patients. Materials and Methods Three hundred subjects who reported to the Department of Orthodontics requiring orthodontic treatment within the age group 17-35 were selected for the study. They were subdivided into three groups of 100 each according to the skeletal and dental relation. Profile radiographs were taken and the tracings were then scanned, and uploaded to the MATLAB 7.6.0 (R 2008a) software. The total surface areas of the individual bones were estimated by the software, which represented the thickness of each bone. Result Frontal bone was the thickest in Class III malocclusion group and the thinnest in Class II malocclusion group. But the parietal and occipital bone thickness were not significant. During gender differentiation in Class I, malocclusion group frontal bone thickness was more in males than females, In Class II, malocclusion parietal bone thickness was more in males than females. No statistically significant difference exists between genders, in Class III malocclusion group. During inter-comparison, the frontal bone thickness was significant when compared with Class I and Class II malocclusion groups and Class II and Class III malocclusion groups. Conclusion The differences in skull thickness in various malocclusions can be used as an adjunct in diagnosis and treatment planning for orthodontic patients. It was found that the new method (MATLAB 7.6.0 [R 2008a] software) of measuring skull thickness was easier, faster, precise, and accurate.

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Alveolar bone loss around mandibular anterior teeth in Class I, II, and III malocclusions: a CBCT evaluation study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-34913/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zixiao Wang ◽

Zhigui Ma ◽

Chi Yang

Keyword(s):

Bone Loss ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Class Ii ◽

Alveolar Bone Loss ◽

Class I ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Class Iii ◽

Bone Thickness ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background: To quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate alveolar defects of mandibular anterior alveolar bone in three different types of malocclusion with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Methods: A total of 542 teeth from 30 skeletal class I malocclusion (mean age: 19.26±5.63), 33 class II malocclusion (mean age: 19.36±4.17), and 28 class III malocclusion (mean age: 21.47±4.53) patients were evaluated with CBCT. Sagittal sectional views were evaluated with regard to labial and lingual alveolar bone thickness and vertical alveolar bone level. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were used for statistical comparisons at P<.05 Results: Qualitative analysis: Class II (64.47%) and Class III malocclusions (58.43%) had higher prevalence of dehiscence than Class I malocclusions (32.96%),P<0.05. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of fenestration among the three groups. Quantitative analysis: In general, Class II and III groups had lesser alveolar bone volume than the Class I group. Furthermore, the vertical alveolar height and coronal alveolar bone thickness in Class II malocclusion was significantly lesser than that in the Class III group. Conclusions: The Class II group, followed by the class III group, showed the most severe alveolar bone deficiency For these patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, special care should be taken to avoid aggravated preexisting alveolar bone loss in the mandibular anterior teeth.

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Determination Of RUNX2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs6930053 In Class I, II And III Malocclusions

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v16i2.1060 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Khairani Idah Mokhtar ◽

Noraini Abu Bakar ◽

Azrul Fazwan Kharuddin

Keyword(s):

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Local Population ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Chondrocyte Maturation

Introduction: Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) plays important roles in osteoblast differentiation, tooth development and chondrocyte maturation; hence its involvement in craniofacial development is paramount. Mutation in RUNX2 is implicated with cleidocranial dysplasia; a bone development disorder, while single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in RUNX2 is associated with Class II/2 malocclusion. This study aimed to determine RUNX2 SNP of DNA marker (rs6930053) in malocclusion patients from local population. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA were extracted from unstimulated saliva of 31 Class I (control samples), 30 Class II and 30 Class III malocclusion patients. Cephalometric measurements were performed prior to saliva samples collection. The DNA was amplified using the specific primers for marker rs6930053 and the genotyping was done by sequencing. Chi-square test was used to determine differences in allele and genotype frequencies (p<0.05). Results: No significant differences were observed in RUNX2 SNP (rs8004560) in Class I and Class III malocclusion. However, there were significant differences between allele (p=0.000) and genotype (p=0.000) frequency within Class II alone; while significant differences was detected only in allele frequency between control and Class II malocclusion (p=0.019). Conclusion(s): There is genetic association between RUNX2 (rs6930053) in Class II malocclusion in our population. Further studies involving larger number of samples and other DNA markers of RUNX2 gene should be developed in order to understand the exact role and mechanism of RUNX2 in different classes of malocclusions.

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Facial height proportion based on Angle’s malocclusion in Deutero-Malayids

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v54.i2.p96-101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Aulia Rohadatul Aisy ◽

Avi Laviana ◽

Gita Gayatri

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Facial Aesthetics ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Facial Height

Background: Facial aesthetics are closely related to the harmonious proportions of the facial components. One of the components is facial height. The reference of facial height proportion of certain racial groups needs to be known by orthodontists and surgeons to create treatment outcomes that can be specifically designed for these particular demographics. One of the factors that can affect facial height proportion is malocclusion. Purpose: This study aimed to determine facial height proportion based on Angle’s classification of malocclusion in Deutero-Malayids. Methods: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional method, which was conducted on 116 Deutero-Malayid subjects. The subjects’ malocclusion was first examined using Angle’s classification of malocclusion. Upper and lower facial height were then measured to determine the proportion of these dimensions. The results were then grouped based on each malocclusion class. Results: It was found that the upper and lower facial height proportions in the class I malocclusion group were 46.74% and 53.26% in males and 47.52% and 52.48% in females, respectively. The upper and lower facial height proportions in the class II malocclusion group were 48.46% and 51.54% in females. Upper and lower facial height proportions in the class III malocclusion group were 45.31% and 54.69% in males and 46.29% and 53.71% in females, respectively. Conclusion: The largest proportion of upper facial height in Deutero-Malayids was seen in the class II malocclusion group, followed by class I and class III. The largest proportion of lower facial height in Deutero-Malayids was seen in the class III malocclusion group, followed by class I and class II.

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Association between Crowding and the Effective Maxillary and Mandibular Length among Orthodontic Patients of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.46405/ejms.v3i2.380 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 76-80

Author(s):

Sanjay Prasad Gupta ◽

Samarika Dahal ◽

Shristi Rauniyar

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Dental Arch ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Lateral Cephalogram ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dental Crowding

Background: During orthodontic consultation, the most frequent major complaint of the patients is dental crowding, which is caused by a disparity between the arch length and tooth size. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between crowding and the effective maxillary and mandibular length in Nepalese orthodontic patients.Methods: The orthodontic records of 390 people (from January 2018 to December 2020) were randomly selected and classified into three skeletal malocclusions based on the ANB angle (Angle formed by point A and point B at the nasion). Subjects with skeletal malocclusions were subdivided into two groups depending on the degree of crowding in the mandibular arch: Group 1 had crowding of < 3mm, and Group 2 had crowding of >3mm. On pretreatment casts, digital vernier calipers (Digimatic, Precise, India) were used to assess dental arch crowding, whereas, on a pretreatment lateral cephalogram, digital cephalometric analysis (Vistadent OC 1.1, USA) was done to quantify effective maxillary and mandibular length. Inter-group comparisons were assessed using a one-way analysis of variance. The correlation was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p≤0.05).Results: There was a statistically significant difference in effective maxillary and mandibular length among skeletal malocclusions (p<0.05). Skeletal Class II malocclusion had the greatest mandibular crowding, while skeletal Class III malocclusion had the least. The effective maxillary and mandibular lengths and dental crowding had a significant but weak inverse correlation, whereas a strong but moderate positive correlation existed between the maxillary and mandibular effective lengths (r=0.674) and also between maxillary and mandibular crowding (r=0.631).Conclusion: Effective maxillary length was highest in skeletal class II malocclusion whereas effective mandibular length was highest in skeletal class III malocclusion. The shorter effective maxillary and mandibular lengths showed a weak association with dental crowding.

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Relationship between skeletal malocclusion and dental anomalies in Nepalese population

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v9i1.25684 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 15-18

Author(s):

Bashu Dev Pant ◽

Anjana Rajbhandari ◽

Resina Pradhan ◽

Manju Bajracharya

Keyword(s):

Third Molar ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Class Iii ◽

Dental Anomalies ◽

Chi Square ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Malocclusion ◽

Third Molar Agenesis

Introduction: Teeth eruption is important for the development of alveolar process which increases vertical height of the face and third molar is the last tooth to erupt in the oral cavity after birth. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between skeletal malocclusion and dental anomalies in Nepalese population. Materials & Method: A sample of 170 patients with agenesis of at least one third molar was divided into four groups according to the third-molar agenesis pattern. Panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograph and cast models were used to determine the skeletal malocclusion and associated dental anomalies. The Pearson chi-square test was used for stastical analysis. Result: Among 170 patients more than half of the patients were female with the average age being 18.15 ± 3.64 years. Majority of the patients had Class I skeletal malocclusion followed by Class II and III but on group wise comparison of patients with different skeletal patterns Class I skeletal malocclusion had highest prevalence of dental anomalies followed by Class III and Class II malocclusion. Conclusion: Prevalence of third-molar agenesis was more in skeletal class I malocclusion followed by class II and III but skeletal Class I malocclusions had more dental anomalies followed by class III and class II malocclusion.

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Relationship between skeletal Class II and Class III malocclusions with vertical skeletal pattern

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.24.4.063-072.oar ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 63-72

Author(s):

Sonia Patricia Plaza ◽

Andreina Reimpell ◽

Jaime Silva ◽

Diana Montoya

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Multinomial Regression ◽

Lateral Cephalogram ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Skeletal Pattern

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish the association between sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns and assess which cephalometric variables contribute to the possibility of developing skeletal Class II or Class III malocclusion. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The sample included pre-treatment lateral cephalogram radiographs from 548 subjects (325 female, 223 male) aged 18 to 66 years. Sagittal skeletal pattern was established by three different classification parameters (ANB angle, Wits and App-Bpp) and vertical skeletal pattern by SN-Mandibular plane angle. Cephalometric variables were measured using Dolphin software (Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif, USA) by a previously calibrated operator. The statistical analysis was carried out with Chi-square test, ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test, and an ordinal multinomial regression model. Results: Evidence of association (p< 0.05) between sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns was found with a greater proportion of hyperdivergent skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion using three parameters to assess the vertical pattern, and there was more prevalent hypodivergence in Class III malocclusion, considering ANB and App-Bpp measurements. Subjects with hyperdivergent skeletal pattern (odds ratio [OR]=1.85-3.65), maxillary prognathism (OR=2.67-24.88) and mandibular retrognathism (OR=2.57-22.65) had a significantly (p< 0.05) greater chance of developing skeletal Class II malocclusion. Meanwhile, subjects with maxillary retrognathism (OR=2.76-100.59) and mandibular prognathism (OR=5.92-21.50) had a significantly (p< 0.05) greater chance of developing skeletal Class III malocclusion. Conclusions: A relationship was found between Class II and Class III malocclusion with the vertical skeletal pattern. There is a tendency toward skeletal compensation with both vertical and sagittal malocclusions.

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Global distribution of malocclusion traits: A systematic review

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.23.6.40.e1-10.onl ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 40.e1-40.e10 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Maged Sultan Alhammadi ◽

Esam Halboub ◽

Mona Salah Fayed ◽

Amr Labib ◽

Chrestina El-Saaidi

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Permanent Dentition ◽

Open Bite ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Pool Data ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Posterior Crossbite ◽

Electronic Search

Abstract Objective: Considering that the available studies on prevalence of malocclusions are local or national-based, this study aimed to pool data to determine the distribution of malocclusion traits worldwide in mixed and permanent dentitions. Methods: An electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar search engines, to retrieve data on malocclusion prevalence for both mixed and permanent dentitions, up to December 2016. Results: Out of 2,977 retrieved studies, 53 were included. In permanent dentition, the global distributions of Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion were 74.7% [31 - 97%], 19.56% [2 - 63%] and 5.93% [1 - 20%], respectively. In mixed dentition, the distributions of these malocclusions were 73% [40 - 96%], 23% [2 - 58%] and 4% [0.7 - 13%]. Regarding vertical malocclusions, the observed deep overbite and open bite were 21.98% and 4.93%, respectively. Posterior crossbite affected 9.39% of the sample. Africans showed the highest prevalence of Class I and open bite in permanent dentition (89% and 8%, respectively), and in mixed dentition (93% and 10%, respectively), while Caucasians showed the highest prevalence of Class II in permanent dentition (23%) and mixed dentition (26%). Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition was highly prevalent among Mongoloids. Conclusion: Worldwide, in mixed and permanent dentitions, Angle Class I malocclusion is more prevalent than Class II, specifically among Africans; the least prevalent was Class III, although higher among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. In vertical dimension, open bite was highest among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. Posterior crossbite was more prevalent in permanent dentition in Europe.

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Prevalence of malocclusion among school Children of Kathmandu, Nepal

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v9i1.25693 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

Manju Bajracharya ◽

Sunanda Sundas ◽

Resina Pradhan ◽

Surendra Maharjan

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Study Population

Introduction: this study was carried to understand Prevalence of malocclusion among the school children of Kathmandu, Sorakhutte residing near school during mixed dentition period. A sample of 600 children ; 365 male, 235 female in age group of 6-13yrs was selected randomly from different school of Kathmandu city. The aim of our study is to find out prevalence of malocclusion among the mixed detention children of Kathmandu. Materials & Method: Data was collected using direct observation of the subjects, Descriptive cross-sectional study method was used in this research. Occlusal assessment were done according to angle’s classification and dewey’s modification type of class I, class III malocclusion. Result: Subjects with normal occlusion was found to be 59.3% and with malocclusion was found to 40.7%. Among them class I malocclusion was majority of (57%) of study population, crowded incisors and significant difference was observed between male and female in the study. Conclusion: This study helps to access the prevalence malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment for the mixed dentition period children.

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The duration of pubertal growth peak among three skeletal classes

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.21.5.067-074.oar ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 67-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Waqar Jeelani ◽

◽

Mubassar Fida ◽

Attiya Shaikh ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Class I ◽

Maturation Stage ◽

Class Iii ◽

Pubertal Growth ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pubertal growth peak is closely associated with a rapid increase in mandibular length and offers a wide range of therapeutic modifiability. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the mean ages of onset and duration of pubertal growth peak among three skeletal classes. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using lateral cephalograms of 230 subjects with growth potential (110 males, 120 females). Subjects were categorized into three classes (Class I = 81, Class II = 82, Class III = 67), according to the sagittal relationship established between the maxilla and the mandible. The cervical vertebral maturation stage was recorded by means of Baccetti's method. The mean ages at CS3 and CS4 and the CS3-CS4 age interval were compared between boys and girls and among three skeletal classes. Results: Pubertal growth peak occurred on average four months earlier in girls than boys (p = 0.050). The average duration of pubertal growth peak was 11 months in Class I, seven months in Class II and 17 months in Class III subjects. Interclass differences were highly significant (Cohen's d > 0.08). However, no significant difference was found in the timing of pubertal growth peak onset among three skeletal classes (p = 0.126 in boys, p = 0.262 in girls). Conclusions: Girls enter pubertal growth peak on average four months earlier than boys. Moreover, the duration of pubertal growth peak is on average four months shorter in Class II and six months longer in Class III subjects as compared to Class I subjects.

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Cranial base characteristics in anteroposterior malocclusions: A meta-analysis

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/032315-186.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 668-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Aixiu Gong ◽

Jing Li ◽

Zhendong Wang ◽

Yuan Li ◽

Fang Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Class Ii ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Class I ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Base Length ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Base Angle ◽

Statistical Heterogeneity

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate cranial base characteristics in malocclusions with sagittal discrepancies. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A fixed- or random-effect model was applied to calculate weighted mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to statistical heterogeneity. Outcome measures were anterior, posterior, and total cranial base length and cranial base angle. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were conducted. Results: Twenty studies that together included 1121 Class I, 1051 Class II, and 730 Class III cases qualified for the final analysis. Class III malocclusion demonstrated significantly reduced anterior (95% CI: −1.74, −0.53; P < .001 vs Class I; 95% CI: −3.30, −2.09; P < .001 vs Class II) and total cranial base length (95% CI: −3.33, −1.36; P < .001 vs Class I; 95% CI: −7.38, −4.05; P < .001 vs Class II). Further, Class II patients showed significantly greater anterior and total cranial base length than did Class I patients (95% CI: 0.51, 1.87; P < .001 for SN; 95% CI: 2.20, 3.30; P < .001 for NBa). Cranial base angle was significantly smaller in Class III than in Class I (95% CI: −3.14, −0.93; P < .001 for NSBa; 95% CI: −2.73, −0.68; P = .001 for NSAr) and Class II malocclusions (95% CI: −5.73, −1.06; P = .004 for NSBa; 95% CI: −6.11, −1.92; P < .001 for NSAr) and greater in Class II than in Class I malocclusions (95% CI: 1.38, 2.38; P < .001 for NSBa). Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that anterior and total cranial base length and cranial base angle were significantly smaller in Class III malocclusion than in Class I and Class II malocclusions, and that they were greater in Class II subjects compared to controls.

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