Secondary bacterial infection in dengue fever and associated risk factors – An observational study in children

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is now considered as a growing global public health concern due to cost associated with diabetic micro and macrovascular complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss. Accurate estimation of prevalence of DR among diabetic patients and associated risk factors are of crucial importance to plan and execute preventive strategies in the community. Aims and Objectives: The present cross sectional hospital based observational study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of DR in diabetic patients at their first ophthalmological contact and toevaluate associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional hospital based observational study, all diabetic patients visiting ophthalmology clinic for the first time after being diagnosed as diabetic were enrolled. After recording demographic data and biochemical findings, each patient was investigated for DR and correlated with associated risk factors. Results: Of 1699 patients, majority (68.9%) of them had come to ophthalmology clinic with complaint of decreased vision. Only 16.12 % (274) patients had been referred for retinal exam by treating physician. DR was prevalent in 242(16.98%) non-referred and 31(11.31%) referred patients. Mean age and mean duration of diabetes was significantly higher in non-referred patients. Vision threatening DR was also significantly higher in nonreferred patients. Prevalence of DR was significantly correlated with age at presentation, duration of diabetes, rural background, uncontrolled diabetes, systolic blood pressure and high BMI. Conclusion: Low referral by treating physician and lack of awareness among patient accounts for late presentation of diabetic patients to ophthalmologist. Beyond just developing strategies to promote screening programs for early detection and management of DR, education of the patients,comprehensive planning and coordination between ophthalmologist and physician can go a long way to decrease the economic and social burden of preventable blindness due to diabetic retinopathy.

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Incidence of Diabetic Foot and Associated Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Five-year Observational Study

Korean Diabetes Journal ◽

10.4093/kdj.2009.33.4.315 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 315 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shin-Ae Park ◽

Seung-Hyun Ko ◽

Seung-Hwan Lee ◽

Jae-Hyoung Cho ◽

Sung-Dae Moon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Observational Study ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and associated risk factors in Uganda (FRESH AIR Uganda): a prospective cross-sectional observational study

The Lancet Global Health ◽

10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70337-7 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. e44-e51 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Frederik van Gemert ◽

Bruce Kirenga ◽

Niels Chavannes ◽

Moses Kamya ◽

Simon Luzige ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Observational Study ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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INCIDENCE OF HYPOGLYCEMIA IN EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED HIGH-RISK NEWBORNS

10.36106/ijsr/7423459 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 67-70

Author(s):

Rajesh Kumar ◽

Nikki Kumari ◽

Binod Kumar Singh ◽

Md. Athar Ansari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Birth Weight ◽

High Risk ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Observational Study ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Metabolic Adaptation ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hypoglycemia is one of the commonest metabolic complications seen during neonatal period. In healthy newborns low blood glucose may not have much signicance and merely reect normal metabolic adaptation to extra-uterine life. However, in high-risk newborns, prolonged and/or recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia may negatively affect neurological and developmental prognosis. The incidence of hypoglycemia varies worldwide depending upon the blood sugar measurement protocols and feeding policies. There is paucity of data on incidence of hypoglycemia in institutions where exclusive breastfeeding is followed. Aims and Objectives: To determine the incidence and associated risk factors of hypoglycemia in rst 72 hours of life among exclusively breastfed healthy high-risk newborns.Study Design: Observational study Setting: Department of Pediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital Patna, Bihar, India. Period: From 1st July 2019 to 31st December 2019. Material & Methods: The Observational study enrolled 560 exclusively breastfed high-risk newborns (infant of diabetic mother (IGDM/IDM), large-for-gestation (birth weight >90th percentile), small-for-gestation (birth weight <10th percentile), low birth weight (>1800 to <2500 grams) and late preterm), who did not require admission to neonatal intensive care unit and were kept in postnatal wards with mother. Babies on formula or pre-lacteal feed, major congenital malformations and admitted in NICU for other reasons were excluded from the study. Hypoglycemia screening was done at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of life, prior to feeding. Hypoglycemia was dened as blood glucose ≤40 mg/dL(2.2 mmol/L). Blood glucose was estimated from heel prick capillary samples using glucometer. Association of both maternal and neonatal risk factors was studied in relation to hypoglycemia. Result: Incidence of hypoglycemia in high-risk newborns was 27.1%. Incidence was signicantly higher in pre-term, low birth weight, Small-for-gestation age babies delivered to mothers with BMI >30 kg/m2, born through caesarean section. Conclusion: in high-risk exclusively breast fed neonates blood glucose level should be regularly monitored for at least 1st 72 hours of life with special attention to 1st 24 hours.

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