scholarly journals The pro-BNP Serum Level and Echocardiographic Tissue Doppler Abnormalities in Patients with Beta Thalassemia Major

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. CMC.S6452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taysir S. Garadah ◽  
Najat Mahdi ◽  
Salah Kassab ◽  
Isa Al Shoroqi ◽  
Ahmed Abu-Taleb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Level ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Natriuretic Hormone

Background Doppler echocardiographic studies of the left ventricle (LV) function in patients with β-Thalassemia Major (β-TM) had shown different patterns of systolic and diastolic dysfunctions associated with abnormal serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Aim This cross-sectional study was designed to study the LV systolic and diastolic functions and correlate that with serum level of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic hormone (NT- pro BNP) in patients with β-TM using Pulsed Doppler (PD) and Tissue Doppler (TD) echocardiography. Methods The study was conducted on patients with β-TM (n = 38, age 15.7 ± 8.9 years) and compared with an age-matched controls (n = 38, age 15.9 ± 8.9 years). In all participants, PD and TD echocardiography were performed and blood samples were withdrawn for measuring the serum level of NT-pro BNP, ferritin, and alanine transaminase. Results Patients with β-TM compared with controls, have thicker LV septal wall index (0.65 ± 0.26 vs. 0.44 ± 0.21 cm, P < 0.001), posterior wall index (0.65 ± 0.23 vs. 0.43 ± 0.21 cm, P < 0.01), and larger LVEDD index (4.35 ± 0.69 vs.3.88 ± 0.153 mm, P < 0.001). In addition, β-TM patients have higher transmitral E wave velocity (E) (70.818 ± 10.139 vs. 57.532 ± 10.139, p = 0.027) and E/A ratio (1.54 ± 0.17 vs. 1.23 ± 0.19, P < 0.01) and shorter deceleration time (DT) (160.13 ± 13.3 vs. 170.50 ± 19.20 m sec, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the ratio of transmitral E wave velocity to the tissue Doppler E wave at the basal septal mitral annulus (E/Em–) was significantly higher in β-TM group (19.6 ± 2.81 vs. 13.868 ± 1.41, P < 0.05). The tissue doppler systolic wave (Sm) velocity and the early diastolic wave (Em) were significantly lower in β-TM group compared to controls (Sm: 4.82 ± 1.2 vs. 6.22 ± 2.1 mm/sec, P < 0.05; Em: 3.51 ± 2.7 vs. 4.12 ± 2.5 mm/sec P < 0.05, respectively). The tricuspid valve velocity was significantly higher in β-TM patients compared with controls (2.993 ± 0.569 vs. 1.93 ± 0.471 m/sec, respectively, P < 0.01). The mean serum NT pro-BNP in β-TM was significantly higher compared with controls (37.6 ± 14.73 vs. 5.5 ± 5.4pg/ml, P < 0.05). The left ventricle ejection fraction (EF%) and fractional shortening (FS%) were not significantly different between both groups. Conclusion We conclude that patients with β-TM had a significantly higher serum level of NT-pro BNP that is positively correlated with the E/Em ratio on tissue Doppler. Furthermore, we confirm our previous findings that patients with β-TM exhibit LV diastolic pattern on echocardiogram suggestive of restrictive type with well preserved left ventricle systolic function.

scholarly journals Right and left ventricular adaptation to hypoxia: a tissue Doppler imaging study

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (4) ◽  
pp. H1391-H1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Huez ◽  
Kathleen Retailleau ◽  
Philippe Unger ◽  
Adriana Pavelescu ◽  
Jean-Luc Vachiéry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Tissue Doppler Imaging ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Tricuspid Annulus ◽  
Lv Systolic Function

Hypoxia has been reported to alter left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, but associated changes in right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function remain incompletely documented. We used echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging to investigate the effects on RV and LV function of 90 min of hypoxic breathing (fraction of inspired O2 of 0.12) compared with those of dobutamine to reproduce the same heart rate effects without change in pulmonary vascular tone in 25 healthy volunteers. Hypoxia and dobutamine increased cardiac output and tricuspid regurgitation velocity. Hypoxia and dobutamine increased LV ejection fraction, isovolumic contraction wave velocity (ICV), acceleration (ICA), and systolic ejection wave velocity (S) at the mitral annulus, indicating increased LV systolic function. Dobutamine had similar effects on RV indexes of systolic function. Hypoxia did not change RV area shortening fraction, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, ICV, ICA, and S at the tricuspid annulus. Regional longitudinal wall motion analysis revealed that S, systolic strain, and strain rate were not affected by hypoxia and increased by dobutamine on the RV free wall and interventricular septum but increased by both dobutamine and hypoxia on the LV lateral wall. Hypoxia increased the isovolumic relaxation time related to RR interval (IRT/RR) at both annuli, delayed the onset of the E wave at the tricuspid annulus, and decreased the mitral and tricuspid inflow and annuli E/A ratio. We conclude that hypoxia in normal subjects is associated with altered diastolic function of both ventricles, improved LV systolic function, and preserved RV systolic function.

scholarly journals Thyroid Function Status and Echocardiography Abnormalities in Patients with Beta Thalassemia Major in Bahrain

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. CMC.S10702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taysir S. Garadah ◽  
Najat A. Mahdi ◽  
Ahmed M. Jaradat ◽  
Zuheir A. Hasan ◽  
Das S. Nagalla
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Serum Ferritin Level ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Ferritin Level ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Pulsed Doppler

Background Thyroid gland dysfunction and echocardiographic cardiac abnormalities are well-documented in patients with transfusion dependent beta-thalassemia major (β-TM). Aim This cross-sectional analytic study was conducted to investigate left ventricle (LV) diastolic and systolic function using pulsed Doppler (PD) and tissue Doppler (TD) echocardiography and correlate that with serum level thyroid stimulating hormone in patients with β-TM. Methods The study was conducted on patients with β-TM (n = 110, age 15.9 ± 8.9 years) and compared with a control group (n = 109, age 15.8 ± 8.9 years). In all participants, echocardiographic indices of PD and TD were performed and blood samples were withdrawn for measuring the serum level of TSH, free T4, and ferritin. A linear regression analysis was performed on TSH level as the dependent variable and serum ferritin as independent. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio of different biochemical and echo variables on the risk of developing hypothyroidism. Results Patients with β-TM compared with controls had thicker LV septal wall index (0.65 ± 0.26 vs. 0.44 ± 0.21 cm/M2, P < 0.001), posterior wall index (0.65 ± 0.23 vs. 0.43 ± 0.21 cm/m2, P < 0.01) and larger LVEDD index (4.35 ± 0.69 vs.3.88 ± 0.153 mm/m2, P < 0.001). In addition, β-TM patients had higher transmitral E wave velocity (E) (70.81 ± 10.13 vs. 57.53 ± 10.13 cm/s, P = 0.02) and E/A ratio (1.54 ± 0.18 vs. 1.23 ± 0.17, P < 0.01) and shorter deceleration time (DT) (170.53 ± 13.3 vs. 210.50 ± 19.20 m sec, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the ratio of transmitral E wave velocity to the tissue Doppler E wave at the basal septal mitral annulus (E/Em) was significantly higher in the β-TM group (19.68 ± 2.81 vs. 13.86 ± 1.41, P < 0.05). The tissue Doppler systolic wave (Sm) velocity and the early diastolic wave (Em) were significantly lower in the β-TM group compared with controls with Sm, 4.82 ± 1.2 vs. 6.22 ± 2.1 mm/sec, P < 0.05 and (Em), 3.51 ± 2.7 vs. 4.12 ± 2.5 mm/sec. P < 0.05, respectively). The tricuspid valve velocity was significantly higher in β-TM patients compared with controls 2.85 ± 0.56 vs. 1.743 ± 0.47 m sec, respectively, P < 0.01). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with β-TM was 15.4%, with significantly higher mean serum TSH compared with controls (6.78 ± 1.5 vs. 3.10 ± 1.02 μIU/mL, P < 0.01) and positively correlated with the serum ferritin level ( r = 0.34, P = 0.014). On multiple regression analysis, the LV mass, LVEF%, and E/A ratio were not positive predictors of hypothyroidism in patients with β-TM. Conclusion We conclude that patients with β-TM had a high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism of 15.4%. Thyroid stimulating hormone was significantly high and positively correlated with the serum ferritin level. Echo cardiographic pulsed Doppler showed a restrictive LV diastolic pattern suggestive of severe diastolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricle systolic function.

Pulsed and Tissue Doppler Echocardiographic Changes in Patients with Thalassemia Major

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. CMBD.S4377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taysir S. Garadah ◽  
Salah Kassab ◽  
Najat Mahdi ◽  
Ahmed Abu-Taleb ◽  
Anwer Jamsheer
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pulsed Doppler ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Systolic And Diastolic Function

Background Doppler echocardiographic studies of left ventricle (LV) systolic and diastolic function in patients with β-Thalassemia Major (β-TM) had shown different patterns of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Aim This cross-sectional study was designed to study the LV systolic and diastolic function in patients with β-TM using Pulsed Doppler (PD) and Tissue Doppler (TD) echocardiography. Methods All patients were evaluated clinically and by echocardiography, The study included patients with β-TM (n = 38, age 15.7 ± 8.9 years) compared with an age-matched control group (n = 38, age 15.9 ± 8.9 years). The pulse Doppler indices were normalized for age and heart rate. Results Compared with control patients, M-Mode showed that patients with β-TM have thicker LV septal wall index (0.659 ± 0.23 vs. 0.446 ± 0.219 cm, P ≤ 0.001), posterior wall index (0.659 ± 0.235 vs. 0.437 ± 0.214 cm, P ≤ 0.01), and larger LVEDD index is (3.99 ± 0.48 vs. 2.170 ± 0.57 mm. P = 0.035). Pulsed Doppler showed high LV trans-mitral E wave velocity (70.818 ± 10.139 vs. 57.532 ± 10.139, p = 0.027) and E/A ratio (1.54 vs. 1.23, P ≤ 0.01). The duration of Deceleration time (DT) and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) were significantly shorter in patients with β-TM (150.234 ± 20.0.23 vs. 167.123 ± 19.143 msec, P ≤ 0.01) and (60.647 ± 6.77 vs. 75.474 ± 5.83 msec, P ≤ 0.001), respectively. The ratio of transmitral E wave velocity to the tissue Doppler E wave at the basal septal mitral annulus E/Em– was significantly higher in β-TM group (14.024 ± 2.29 vs. 12.132 ± 1.82, P ≤ 0.01). The Tissue Doppler systolic velocity (Sm) and the early diastolic velocity (Em) were significantly lower in β-TM group compared to control (4.31 ± 1.2 cm/s vs. 6.95 ± 2.1, P ≤ 0.01 and 4.31 ± 2.7 cm/s vs. 5.82 ± 2.5, P ≤ 0.01) respectively. The tricuspid valve velocity was significantly higher than controls (2.993 ± 0.569 vs. 1.93 ± 0.471 m/sec, respectively, P ≤ 0.01). However, the LVEF% and fractional shortening were normal with no significant difference in both groups. Conclusion In this study, patients with β-thalassemia major compared with controls, have significantly thicker LV wall, and larger LV cavity and LV diastolic filling indices suggestive of restrictive pattern with a higher tricuspid valve velocity. These data showed that left ventricle diastolic indices are compromised initially in patients with β-thalassemia major.

scholarly journals TO STUDY RIGHT VENTRICLE (RV) AND LEFT VENTRICLE ( LV) DYSFUNCTION IN TRANSFUSION DEPENDENT BETA THALASSEMIA CHILDREN AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTH WEST RAJASTHAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kulhari ◽  
Dinesh Choudhary ◽  
Himanshu Gupta ◽  
Rajneesh Patel ◽  
Jaipal Bugalia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Tissue Doppler Imaging ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Lv Dysfunction

Background- Regular blood transfusions used for long term survival in  ß-thalassemia major patients cause a secondary state of tissue iron overload. Myocardial iron deposition can result in cardiomyopathy, and heart failure remains the leading cause of death. This study was planned to see the Right Ventricle (RV) and Left Ventricle(LV)dysfunction in beta thalassemia  transfused patients. Method- Patients of ß thalassemia major above 2 years of age received regular blood transfusions at least for 1 year duration, attending OPD in the Department of Pediatrics, S P Medical College, Bikaner were included.Echo  was  correlated with serum ferritin Level(SFL). Results- Tissue Doppler imaging(TDI) parameters of 50 patients at mitral annulus e.g. Em septal, Em Lateral, Am septal, Am lateral, Sm Septal and Sm Lateral were abnormal(<2SD and >2SD)in 70% & 0%, 50% & 4%, 10% & 46%, 34% & 24%, 40% & 22% and 60% & 10% patients respectively.TDI parameters at tricuspid valvee.g. Et, At and St were abnormal(<2SD)in 98%, 96% and 98% patients respectively. The differences in mean values of Et, At and St, when compared in the SFL groups <2500,2500-5000 and>5000, was non significant(p>0.05). Conclusion- TDI is superior to conventional echocardiography in giving an early evidence of diastolic myocardial dysfunction in asymtopmatic and normal LV function patients.TDI can be applied as an integrated part of assessment of children & adolescents with ß-thalassemia. Septal Sm, Em & lateral Em, Sm, Am and RV Et, At, St were reduced early in majority of patients. Our study showed early involvement of septum and RV in thalassemic patients. Key Words: ß-thalassemia major ;Right Ventricle (RV) and Left Ventricle ( LV) dysfunction; Echocardiogram ;Tissue Doppler Imaging

scholarly journals Predictors of heart failure in patients with major beta-thalassemia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 670-684
Author(s):  
Ionut Stanca ◽  
Mihaela Rus ◽  
Alice Albu ◽  
Simona Fica
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Myocardial Mass ◽  
Systolic And Diastolic Function

Cardiomyopathy by loading the myocardium with iron is the cause of heart failure in patients with major beta-thalassemia. In these patients, cardiac systolic function remains normal for a long time, but when signs of heart failure appear, death may occur in the first year, so it is necessary to identify parameters to predict the patient's progress and prognosis.Materials and methods. We enrolled 62 patients with beta-thalassemia major (30 men and 32 women), mean age 29.9 ± 7.3 years. 32.2% of patients had disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, 12.9% associated hypothyroidism, and the mean ferritin was 1060.9 ± 856.6 ng / ml. Patients were evaluated echocardiographically, using tissue doppler technique to assess systolic and diastolic function. Myocardial mass was calculated using standard formulas and the type of left ventricular remodeling (LV) was thus obtained. Depending on the ferritin level, choosing the threshold value of 1000ng / ml, a group subanalysis of the ultrasound parameters of cardiac systolic and diastolic function was performed.Results. All patients had LV ejection fraction above 50% (LVEF), but longitudinal LV systolic dysfunction was observed in 19.3% of patients. Also in patients with serum ferritin values ​​above 1000ng / ml, the parameters of longitudinal systolic function of LV are affected, paradoxically the average value of LVEF being higher in these patients. About a quarter of patients had diastolic dysfunction, but 40.3% had elevated LV filling pressures. We noticed that the batch with ferritin over 1000 ng / ml associated increased LV filling pressures. The evaluation of the function of the right ventricle by tissue Doppler (S wave at the level of the free wall VD) was statistically significantly correlated with the hemoglobin value and we obtained pathological values ​​(S VD <11.5 cm / s) especially in the group with ferritin over 1000ng / ml. We noticed the presence of morphological abnormalities of LV, by increasing myocardial mass and the appearance of LV remodeling, 31% of patients showed severe forms, especially eccentric remodeling. It was observed that there is a risk of negative remodeling of the left ventricle in the group of those with ferritin above 1000ng / ml.Conclusions. The study proves that the evaluation of the systolic and diastolic function of the left and right ventricle by tissue Doppler ultrasound is much more accurate in the early detection of myocardial dysfunction. Ferritin levels above 1000ng / ml have been associated with impaired cardiac function parameters. Also, the remodeling of the left ventricle observed in this group of patients may be the first sign of heart failure.

scholarly journals Myocardial deformation in patients with a single left ventricle using 2D cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking: a case–control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Strodka ◽  
Jana Logoteta ◽  
Roman Schuwerk ◽  
Mona Salehi Ravesh ◽  
Dominik Daniel Gabbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Feature Tracking ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Radial Strain ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lv Volumes

AbstractVentricular dysfunction is a well-known complication in single ventricle patients in Fontan circulation. As studies exclusively examining patients with a single left ventricle (SLV) are sparse, we assessed left ventricular (LV) function in SLV patients by using 2D-cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) feature tracking (2D-CMR-FT) and 2D-speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). 54 SLV patients (11.4, 3.1–38.1 years) and 35 age-matched controls (12.3, 6.3–25.8 years) were included. LV global longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain (GLS, GCS, GRS) and strain rate (GLSR, GCSR, GRSR) were measured using 2D-CMR-FT. LV volumes, ejection fraction (LVEF) and mass were determined from short axis images. 2D-STE was applied in patients to measure peak systolic GLS and GLSR. In a subgroup analysis, we compared double inlet left ventricle (DILV) with tricuspid atresia (TA) patients. The population consisted of 19 DILV patients, 24 TA patients and 11 patients with diverse diagnoses. 52 patients were in NYHA class I and 2 patients were in class II. Most SLV patients had a normal systolic function but median LVEF in patients was lower compared to controls (55.6% vs. 61.2%, p = 0.0001). 2D-CMR-FT demonstrated reduced GLS, GCS and GCSR values in patients compared to controls. LVEF correlated with GS values in patients (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between GLS values from 2D-CMR-FT and 2D-STE in the patient group. LVEF, LV volumes, GS and GSR (from 2D-CMR-FT) were not significantly different between DILV and TA patients. Although most SLV patients had a preserved EF derived by CMR, our results suggest that, LV deformation and function may behave differently in SLV patients compared to healthy subjects.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study of metabolic and endocrine complications in beta-thalassemia major

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Najafipour ◽  
Akbar Aliasgarzadeh ◽  
Naser Aghamohamadzadeh ◽  
Amir Bahrami ◽  
Majid Mobasri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Beta Thalassemia Major ◽  
Endocrine Complications

scholarly journals Correlation between hemoglobin level and left ventricular systolic functions and dimensions in children with chronic severe anemia

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Erlina Masniari Napitupulu ◽  
Fera Wahyuni ◽  
Tina Christina L. Tobing ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Bidasari Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Systolic Function ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Left Ventricular Systolic Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lv Systolic Function

Background Chronic severe anemia is a connnon disease. Cardiac output may increase when the hemoglobin (Hb) level decreases to < 7 g/dL for 3 months or more. Alteration of left ventricular (LV) function occurs frequently in children 'With chronic severe anemia, in the {onn of concentric LV hypertrophy, LV dilatation with or v.ithout LV hypertrophy, or systolic dysfunction. Objective To examine the correlation between Hb level and alteration of LV systolic function in children with chronic severe anemia. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in Adam Malik Hospital from October to December 2009. Subjects were chronic severely anemic children. Left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction/EF, fractional shortening/FS) and dimensions (left ventricular end diastolic diameter/LVEDD and left ventricular end systolic diameter/LVESD) were measured using Hitachi EUB 5500 echocardiography unit. Univariate analysis  and Pearson correlation were performed.Results Thirty children were enrolled in the study. The mean of age was 113.5 months (SD 53.24). Hb values ranged from 2.1 to 6.9 g/dL with mean value of 4.6 g/dL (SD 1.44). Mean duration of anemia was 3.9 months (SD 0.70). Chronic severe anemia was not associated \\lith decreased LV systolic function [EF 62.2% (SD 9.16), r =0.296, P=0.112; FS 33.8% (SD 7.26), r =0.115, P=0.545], nor LV dimension changes [LVEDD 40.2 mm (SD 6.85), r = -0.192, P=0.308; LVESD 26.2 mm (SD 4.98), r=-0.266, P=0.156]. Conclusion There was no correlation between Hb level in chronically anemic children and changes in LV systolic function or dimension.

STUDY OF SERUM LIPID PROFILE IN BETA-THALASSEMIA MAJOR PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lokesh Kumar Meena
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Beta Thalassemia Major ◽  
Low Levels

Background: To study lipid profile in Beta-Thalassemia Major Patients. Methods: A cross-sectional was done on 50 diagnosed Cases of beta-thalassemia major in the age group of 1 year to 18 years receiving regular blood transfusions; not suffering from any ailment or any other disease leading to deranged lipid profile were included. Results: Lipid analyses of controls and thalassemic children. It is clear from the results that beta thalassemia major patients had significantly lower total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprsotein cholesterol (LDL) compared with controls. Conclusion: Lipid profile in Beta thalassmia patients show significantly low levels of total cholesterol, LDLC and HDL-C. Keywords:  Beta Thalassemia Major, Lipid Profile, Hypocholesterolemia.

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