Effects of barley silage particle length and effective fiber on yield and composition of milk from dairy

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Kononoff ◽  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Particle Length ◽  
Barley Silage

A study was conducted to determine the effects of two theoretical lengths of particle (TLP) of barley silage on physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content and on yield and composition of milk in dairy cows. Type I peNDF uses the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of forage materials retained on a 1.18-mm screen while Type II peNDF is based on the NDF content of three different particle size fractions. Cows received diets consisting of 55% concentrate and 45% barley silage of either a 9.5-mm or 4.8-mm TLP. Results showed no difference in Type I peNDF between the two barley silage TLP. However, barley silage with a 9.5 mm TLP contained more (P < 0.05) Type II peNDF than barley silage with a 4.8 mm TLP. Differences in particle size or Type II peNDF content of barley silage had no effect on yield or composition of milk in dairy cows. Key words: Particle size, physically effective fiber, dairy cows

Ultrastructural Studies of Piscine Erythrocytic Necrosis (PEN) in Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Reno ◽  
Marie Philippon-Fried ◽  
Bruce L. Nicholson ◽  
Stuart W. Sherburne
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Inclusion Type ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Clupea Harengus Harengus

Erythrocytes of PEN-positive Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) were examined to determine their ultrastructure. Cytoplasmic inclusions were of two types when observed under the electron microscope. The first type (type I) appeared coarsely granular, electron dense, round, and up to 1.5 μm in diameter. Virions were closely associated with this type of inclusion. The second type of inclusion (type II) had approximately the same appearance as the surrounding cytoplasm, from which it was separated by a discrete membrane, and was variable in size. Virions were not intimately associated with type II inclusions. Virions occurred singly or in clusters within the cytoplasm or in association with type I inclusions and were hexagonal and 145 nm in diameter. Virions were composed of a rigid hexagonal capsid 8 nm wide, a lighter 16-nm region, and a core 100 nm in diameter. The virus of PEN is presumptively classified as an Iridovirus. Key words: ultrastructure, erythrocytes, virology

Blood clinicopathological differences between type I and II ketosis in dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
XU Chuang ◽  
Shen Tai-yu ◽  
YAO Yuan ◽  
Yu Hong-jiang ◽  
XIA Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Heilongjiang Of China

The purpose was to determine the difference of blood clinicopathological changes between type I and type II ketosis in dairy cow. Fifty-eight cows, from dairy cattle farm in Heilongjiang of China, were included. An ELISA test was used to evaluate the blood indicators. The plasma concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and insulin sensitivity decreased, and the plasma concentration of glucose (Glc), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and bilirubin content increased in type II ketosis group compared with the type I ketosis group. These results showed that there was a difference in etiology between type II ketosis and type I ketosis. Type II ketosis was not only associated with energy metabolism and insulin resistance, but also with oxidative stress and liver function. It laid the foundation for further investigate the mechanism and prevention of type II ketosis in the future.

Thyroid blood profile in high-yielding dairy cows with different ovarian reactions to superovulatory treatment

2022 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
O. Aleinikova ◽  
A. Solomakhin ◽  
O. Mityashova ◽  
I. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Reaction Type ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

The reaction of cow ovaries to superovulatory treatment significantly depends on the physiological state of the animal, primarily on its endocrine status. The available information indicates that thyroid hormones can affect the processes of ovarian folliculogenesis in cattle.Objective: To study the thyroid profile in the blood of high-yielding dairy cows in relation to the response of the ovaries to superovulatory treatment.Materials and methods. Thirty four cycles of superovulation stimulation in 16 Holstein cows were studied. After synchronization of the estrous cycle and superovulatory treatment, on the first day of insemination (Day 0), the number of follicles with a diameter of more than 5 mm was recorded in each ovary using an ultrasound scanner. Furthermore, on Day 0 and on the 7th day after insemination (Day 7), the blood was taken from the cows to analyze the content of sex steroids and thyroid hormones by ELISA. The ovarian reaction was assessed by the total number of detected follicles and was divided into 3 types: I – more than 12 follicles (strong), II – 8-12 follicles (moderate), III – less than 8 follicles (weak).Results. The content of sex steroid hormones in the blood of cows on Day 0 did not depend on the type of the ovarian response. By Day 7, the concentration of progesterone increased in most animals, but was 2.7-fold higher (P <0.01) in the case of the strong reaction (type I) than in the case of the weak reaction (type III). Conversely, the serum concentration of estradiol-17β decreased 1.1 times (P <0.05) in cows with the moderate ovarian response (type II). In animals with the type I reaction, the content of thyroxine (T4) in the blood declined 1.2 times (P <0.05) one week after insemination. During the study period, there was also a reduction in the concentration of total triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) in cows with ovarian responses of types I and II (1.1-1.3 times, P <0.01-0.05). Concurrently, on Day 0, the T3 content in the blood of individuals with the type II reaction was 1.2-fold higher (P <0.05) than in individuals with the type III reaction. Totally, a positive relationship was found between the concentration of estradiol-17β and the concentration of thyroid hormones: for T4 – in the case of the type II ovarian response (r = 0.44, P <0.05), for T3 – in the case of the type I and II responses ( r = 0.57-0.64, P <0.001-0.05), for rT3 – in the case of the type III response (r = 0.52, P <0.01).Conclusions. Thus, the content of triiodothyronine in the blood of high-yielding dairy cows on the day of insemination is associated with the ovarian response to superovulatory treatment. In addition, during one week after insemination, the state of the thyroid system and its relationship with the level of estradiol-17β in the blood differ with different reactions of the ovaries to the introduction of exogenous gonadotropic hormones.

Immersion Vaccination of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with Two Pathogenic Strains of Vibrio anguillarum

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Gould ◽  
R. Antipa ◽  
D. F. Amend
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Monovalent Vaccine ◽  
Homologous Challenge

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were immersion-vaccinated in suspensions containing 5 × 107, 5 × 106, 5 × 105, or 5 × 104 bacteria/mL of bivalent or monovalent, formalin-killed Vibrio anguillarum, Types I and II. The fish were split into two lots and held for 54 d. At that time one lot was challenged with living, virulent V. anguillarum, Type I, and one with living, virulent V. anguillarum, Type II. Immunization with bivalent bacterin effectively protected the fish from vibriosis, but monovalent vaccine was effective only against the homologous challenge. Immunization with the highest concentration of Type I monovalent bacterin resulted in 0% Type I and 58% Type II challenge mortality. Immunization with the highest concentration of Type II monovalent bacterin resulted in 41% Type I and 0% Type II challenge mortality. Immunization with the highest concentration of bivalent Type I/Type II bacterin resulted in 2% mortality in both challenges. Protective bacterins were effective at concentrations down to 5 × 105 bacteria/mL. Key words: immersion vaccination, bivalent vaccines, Vibrio anguillarum, vibriosis

scholarly journals Effects of barley silage of different theoretical cut length on digestion kinetics in ruminants

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Soita ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
A. F. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Digestion Kinetics ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Barley Silage

Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of two theoretical lengths of cut (TLC) (short = 4.7 mm and long = 18.8 mm) on the feeding value of barley silage to steers fed an all-forage diet. In the first study, six steers were used to determine intake of dry matter, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) in a replicated switchback design. In the second study, six steers equipped with rumen cannulas were used to determine the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal kinetic and fermentation parameters. Feeding short barley silage to steers increased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), DMD, NDFD, and ADFD compared with feeding long barley silage. The results of the second study showed that reducing barley silage particle size decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal retention time and increased (P < 0.05) passage rate of particulate matter. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.05) at 1000, 1200, 1800, 2000, and 2200 h for steers fed the short barley silage compared with those fed the long barley silage. However, the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were minimal. Eating rate was similar in both dietary treatments (average 40.3 g min-1). However, steers fed the long silage produced more (P < 0.05) saliva per kg DMI compared with those fed the short barley silage diets. It was concluded that reducing TLC of barley silage increased feed intake and improved total tract utilization of cell wall components by steers. Results of the metabolism study also showed changes in fermentation parameters, but no adverse physiological changes were noted when cattle were fed all forage diets. Key words: Barley silage, particle size, fermentation patterns

Effects of barley silage particle size and concentrate level on rumen kinetic parameters and fermentation patterns in steers

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Soita ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Concentrate Level

Four Hereford steers (471 ± 31 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the effects and possible interactions between silage particle size and concentrate level on digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters. Diets were designed with two forage to concentrate ratios [low forage, 20:80, high forage, 50:50 on a dry matter (DM) basis], combined with two theoretical chop lengths of barley silage; short (SBS) = 4.7 mm and long (LBS) =18.8 mm. Results showed that steers fed diets with SBS consumed more DM than those fed LBS. An interaction (P < 0.05) between particle size and concentrate level was noted for molar proportion of acetate. At the higher concentrate level, feeding SBS diets reduced the molar proportion of acetate but increased the molar proportion of propionate. An interaction (P < 0.05) between particle size and concentrate level was noted for ruminal pH. When compared to LBS, the daily mean rumen pH was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed SBS with 80% concentrate but not for those fed the 50% concentrate diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for those steers fed the 50% concentrate diets than for those fed the 80% concentrate diets. With high concentrate levels, SBS greatly reduced (P < 0.05) ammonia concentration. Passage rates for particulate matter and the retention time were decreased (P < 0.05) when SBS was fed. Feeding SBS reduced (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (65.5 vs. 68.5%, 66.5 vs. 73.4% and 39.4 vs. 45.9%), respectively. These results suggest that barley silage with a theoretical cut length of 18.8 mm can promote higher rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, and reduced particulate passage rates. These changes in rumen fermentation parameters should favor optimum rumen function and digestion when high concentrate diets are fed. Key words: Barley silage, particle size, steers, concentrate level, rumen fermentation

scholarly journals ANALISIS DAMPAK EKONOMI KEGIATAN WISATA YOUTH CAMP DI TAMAN HUTAN RAYA WAN ABDUL RACHMAN (TAHURA WAR)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Nur Shafika ◽  
Bustanul Arifin ◽  
Teguh Endaryanto
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Income Multiplier ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Youth Camp ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The main purposes of this research is to find out the characteristic of visitors, local workforces and business owners, the factors that affect the frequency of tourist visits, and to analyze the economic impact caused by the Youth Camp tourism activities. The location for the research is intentionally chosen Youth Camp in Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman. Contributing toward this research consists of 40 visitors, 10 people of local workforce, and 15 business owners. The data for the research were generated in December 2018 to February 2019 and analyzed using methods of descriptive qualitative and descriptive quantitative. The research findings showed that the Youth Camp visitors’ages range between 17-35 years old, originally came from Lampung Province, and on their final year in SMA or equivalent. Majority of them are students employed with income above IDR2,000,000.00, single and no liabilities responsibilities. The frequency of visitors who came to visit was mostly influenced by the distance, age and well known of the tourism place. The value impact obtained from the value of Keynesian Income Multiplier is 5.33, value of Ratio Income Multiplier Type I is 2.70, and value of Ratio Income Multiplier Type II is 3.83. Key words: economic impact, Keynesian multiplier, Youth Camp

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