Effects of barley silage particle size and concentrate level on rumen kinetic parameters and fermentation patterns in steers

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Soita ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Concentrate Level

Four Hereford steers (471 ± 31 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the effects and possible interactions between silage particle size and concentrate level on digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters. Diets were designed with two forage to concentrate ratios [low forage, 20:80, high forage, 50:50 on a dry matter (DM) basis], combined with two theoretical chop lengths of barley silage; short (SBS) = 4.7 mm and long (LBS) =18.8 mm. Results showed that steers fed diets with SBS consumed more DM than those fed LBS. An interaction (P < 0.05) between particle size and concentrate level was noted for molar proportion of acetate. At the higher concentrate level, feeding SBS diets reduced the molar proportion of acetate but increased the molar proportion of propionate. An interaction (P < 0.05) between particle size and concentrate level was noted for ruminal pH. When compared to LBS, the daily mean rumen pH was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed SBS with 80% concentrate but not for those fed the 50% concentrate diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for those steers fed the 50% concentrate diets than for those fed the 80% concentrate diets. With high concentrate levels, SBS greatly reduced (P < 0.05) ammonia concentration. Passage rates for particulate matter and the retention time were decreased (P < 0.05) when SBS was fed. Feeding SBS reduced (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (65.5 vs. 68.5%, 66.5 vs. 73.4% and 39.4 vs. 45.9%), respectively. These results suggest that barley silage with a theoretical cut length of 18.8 mm can promote higher rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, and reduced particulate passage rates. These changes in rumen fermentation parameters should favor optimum rumen function and digestion when high concentrate diets are fed. Key words: Barley silage, particle size, steers, concentrate level, rumen fermentation

scholarly journals Effects of barley silage of different theoretical cut length on digestion kinetics in ruminants

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Soita ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
A. F. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Digestion Kinetics ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Barley Silage

Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of two theoretical lengths of cut (TLC) (short = 4.7 mm and long = 18.8 mm) on the feeding value of barley silage to steers fed an all-forage diet. In the first study, six steers were used to determine intake of dry matter, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) in a replicated switchback design. In the second study, six steers equipped with rumen cannulas were used to determine the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal kinetic and fermentation parameters. Feeding short barley silage to steers increased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), DMD, NDFD, and ADFD compared with feeding long barley silage. The results of the second study showed that reducing barley silage particle size decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal retention time and increased (P < 0.05) passage rate of particulate matter. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.05) at 1000, 1200, 1800, 2000, and 2200 h for steers fed the short barley silage compared with those fed the long barley silage. However, the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were minimal. Eating rate was similar in both dietary treatments (average 40.3 g min-1). However, steers fed the long silage produced more (P < 0.05) saliva per kg DMI compared with those fed the short barley silage diets. It was concluded that reducing TLC of barley silage increased feed intake and improved total tract utilization of cell wall components by steers. Results of the metabolism study also showed changes in fermentation parameters, but no adverse physiological changes were noted when cattle were fed all forage diets. Key words: Barley silage, particle size, fermentation patterns

Comparative yield and feeding value of barley, oat and triticale silages

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. McCartney ◽  
A. S. Vaage
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Barley Silage

The yield and feeding value of barley (Hordeum vulgare 'Johnson'), oat (Avena sativa 'Calibre') and triticale(Triticosecale 'Carmen') silages were compared in a field study, a heifer growth trial (119 d in length, with four pens of eight Charolais cross heifers (average body weight 300 kg) per treatment), and a sheep digestibility trial (total fecal collection with eight sheep per treatment). The swathed and chopped plant material was ensiled in stack silos covered with plastic. Yields of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among species. At harvest, oat and triticale had greater acid detergent fiber (ADF) levels than barley. After ensiling, triticale alone had greater neutral detergent fiber, ADF and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen levels than the other silages. The three silages did not otherwise differ in chemical composition. Heifer intakes of barley (6.06 kg d−1) and oat (5.70 kg d−1) silage DM were similar, and greater than for triticale (4.86 kg d−1). Average daily gain was greatest with barley (0.65 kg d−1), intermediate with oat (0.57 kg d−1) and least with triticale (0.49 kg d−1). Intake of silage DM by the sheep was greatest with barley silage (741 g d−1), intermediate with oat (617 g d−1) and least with triticale (434 g d−1), which appeared less palatable than the other silages. Dry matter and CP digestibilities were greatest for barley silage (64.2 and 71.6%, versus 58.3. and 61.1% for oat, and 58.8 and 65.4% for triticale, respectively). Oat silage had the lowest fiber digestibility. Sheep given triticale silage had lower rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations, apparently due to low DM intake. Oat silage gave a greater molar proportion of acetate, a lower proportion of propionate, and a higher acetate to propionate ratio than either barley or triticale. Triticale silage produced a greater molar proportion of acetate and a lower proportion of butyrate than barley silage. Based on animal performance, it was concluded that barley silage was the preferred of the three cereal silages for growing cattle. Triticale produced a less acceptable silage due to poor palatability and low DM intake. Key words: Cattle, sheep, cereal silage, forage quality, digestibility

IN SITU DEGRADATION OF FEED INGREDIENTS, FERMENTATION PATTERN AND MICROBIAL POPULATION AS INFLUENCED BY RUMINAL AMMONIA CONCENTRATION

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. SONG ◽  
J. J. KENNELLY
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Barley Silage

Effects of ruminal ammonia concentration on ruminal parameters and in situ degradation of feed ingredients were examined with nonlactating Holstein cows fed a complete mixed diet (70% barley silage and 30% concentrate mixture, dry matter (DM) basis). Ruminal ammonia concentrations of 16.3, 24.8 and 34.9 mg 100 mL−1 were achieved by continuous intraruminal infusions of NH4Cl. Ammonia concentrations in control animals were 11.2 mg 100 mL−1. Ruminal fluid pH decreased (P < 0.05) and blood urea N increased (P < 0.05) with NH4Cl infusion. NH4Cl infusion increased (P < 0.05) viable counts of proteolytic bacteria. Effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM) of concentrate ingredients and crude protein (EDCP) of soybean meal and fish meal were not affected by NH4Cl infusion. But EDCP of corn gluten meal was highest (P < 0.05) at ammonia concentration of 16.3 mg 100 mL−1 rumen fluid and EDDM and neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF) of barley silage decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing NH4Cl infusion. Results are interpreted to indicate that ruminal ammonia concentrations necessary for maximal bacterial growth may differ from concentrations required for maximal degradation of feedstuffs. However, decreased pH associated with NH4Cl infusion may have influenced the results obtained. Key words: Ammonia concentration, bacterial growth, in situ degradation

Relationship between the gas production profiles of mixtures of hay and maize and the patterns of rumen fermentation observed in sheep fed those mixtures

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 63-63
Author(s):  
C. Rymer ◽  
D.I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
The Mean

The gas production (GP) technique has been developed to assess dynamics of ruminant digestion. Relationships have been observed between a feed's GP profile and in vivo parameters such as digestibility (Khazaal et al., 1993), feed intake and growth rate (Blümmel and Ørskov, 1993), and in situ degradability (Sileshi et al., 1997). However, there are few studies which relate GP data to the in vivo pattern of rumen fermentation (in terms of the rate of pH decline 2 h post-feeding and the mean rumen pH, concentration of total VFA and molar proportion of individual VFA). The object of this experiment was to determine whether such a relationship existed between a feed's GP profile and the pattern of rumen fermentation observed in animals fed that feed.

scholarly journals Nutritional Quality and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Prepared with Lucerne, Sweet Maize Stalk, and Their Mixtures

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205
Author(s):  
Musen Wang ◽  
Fujin Zhang ◽  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
Ying Yun ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the pH, chemical composition, minerals, vitamins, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lucerne, sweet maize stalk (MS), and their mixtures. Freshly chopped lucerne and MS were combined in ratios of 100:0 (M0, control), 80:20 (M20), 60:40 (M40), 40:60 (M60), 20:80 (M80), and 0:100 (M100) on a fresh matter basis. Each treatment was prepared in triplicate, and a total of eighteen silos were fermented for 65 days. After 65 days of fermentation, the pH values in M0, M20, M40, M60, M80, and M100 silages were 5.47, 4.84, 4.23, 4.13, 3.79, and 3.61, respectively. As the MS proportion in the mixtures increased, silage K, Ca, P, Na, Fe, and Cu concentrations linearly decreased (p < 0.001) and so did vitamins B5 and K1 and α-tocopherol. In vitro rumen dry matter and organic matter degradability, pH, ammonia, total volatile fatty acid, and gas production linearly decreased (p < 0.01), while neutral detergent fiber concentration linearly increased (p < 0.001), with increasing proportion of MS. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability rapidly decreased when the MS percentage was ≥60%. In conclusion, the M40 silage is the most suitable for livestock utilization in local forage production considering the balance of silage pH, nutritional quality, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

scholarly journals Influences of starter NDF level on growth performance and rumen development in lambs fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Xie ◽  
WenQin Huang ◽  
ChunXiang Zhang ◽  
QiYu Diao ◽  
Kai Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Stomach Weight ◽  
Keratin Layer

Abstract Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), as the main component of structural carbohydrate in forage, is a vital factor impacting the performance of young ruminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of starter NDF level on the rumen fermentation and morphometrics of lambs fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. One hundred Hu sheep lambs (18 days of age and 6.1 ± 0.1 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to one of the four starter diets differing in their NDF levels on a dry matter (DM) basis: 1) diet with 14% NDF (NDF14), 2) diet with 18% NDF (NDF18), 3) diet with 22% NDF (NDF22), and 4) diet with 26% NDF (NDF26). Lambs were fed milk replacer with designed starters from 21 to 60 d of age and then transitioned to the same starter feed until 90 d of age. Six lambs from each treatment (close to the average BW of the corresponding treatment) were selected and slaughtered at 90 d of age for measuring rumen fermentation, anatomical development, and morphometric characteristics. Lambs receiving NDF22 and NDF26 starter diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) intake of starter and total DM, and average daily gain during the overall period, thereby heavier (P &lt; 0.05) final weights at 90 d of age compared with those fed NDF14 starter diet. At 90 d of age, lambs fed NDF22 and NDF26 starters had higher rumen pH, followed by lower propionate, higher acetate concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), and a higher acetate-to-propionate ratio compared with those fed NDF14 and NDF18 starters (P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences of the full and empty weight of reticulorumen were observed among treatments; however, the reticulorumen weight expressed as a percentage of the complex stomach weight was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in lambs fed NDF22 and NDF26 starters compared with those fed NDF14 starter. Furthermore, NDF14 lambs had the thickest keratin layer and epithelium compared with those in the other treatments but showed the thinnest muscle layer (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that increasing starter NDF levels can ameliorate the rumen fermentation environment and alleviate hyperkeratosis and plaque formation in the rumen epithelium. In summary, including 22% and 26% NDF in the pelleted starter can improve the performance of lambs.

The effect of lipid sources on intake, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore steers supplemented with glycerol

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Samuel Gomez Insuasti ◽  
Yury Tatiana Granja Salcedo ◽  
Pablo de Souza Castagnino ◽  
Bruno Ramalho Vieira ◽  
Euclides Braga Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The effects of glycerol with fat sources as a feed alternative were investigated in the ration for Nellore steers (Bos indicus). Eight cannulated steers at 30 months of age with initial bodyweight of 554 ± 36.0 kg were used in a double 4 by 4 Latin square design with four consecutive 16-day periods. Treatments were three different diets with lipid sources (soybean, soybean oil and calcium salts of fatty acids) and one diet control without lipid sources. All diets formulated contained 10% crude glycerol and 5% ether extract with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65; corn silage was used as forage. The ruminal liquid was sampled for 24 h and ruminal fermentations were monitored by measuring pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogenand volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Urine samples were obtained from the total collection for 24 h for estimation of rumen microbial protein supply using urinary purine derivatives. Our results showed that the use of lipid sources combined with glycerol did not induce significant changes in rumen pH, acetate molar proportion, ruminal microbial protein or dry matter intake. Although the acetate molar proportion was kept constant within normal parameters, the propionate molar proportion was increased by the diet containing lipid sources. Moreover, we found that there was a negative effect of lipid sources on crude protein and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein intake, and one positive effect on ether extract intake. We believe that association between fat and glycerol may affect rumen fermentation parameters through reducing fibre intake and increasing propionate production and ammonia nitrogen.

scholarly journals Effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility and consumption time of diet for equines

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
F.C.D. Araújo ◽  
M.G. Cruz ◽  
J.C.C. Balieiro ◽  
M.L. Menezes ◽  
C.G. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility of diet for horses, consumption time, and particle size of feces. Nine horses were used, aged 14.5±3.3 years and weightng 531±38.7kg. The diet consisted of 1.5% of live weight (LW) in Tifton 85 hay and 0.75% of LW in concentrate for both assays. The experiment consisted of two tests of apparent digestibility using the method of total collection, before and after the odontoplasty, where the consumption time of hay and concentrate was also evaluated and the particle size of the feces was analyzed. An effect (P<0.05) of odontoplasty on the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed. Effect of the consumption time for the concentrate (P<0.05) was observed, but not for the forage (P<0.05). There was more retention (P<0.05) of the fecal particles in the sieves of bigger granulometry. The odontoplasty increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and feces particle size, without changing feces quality. Animals after the procedure have shorter concentrate consumption time.

Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance in Tibetan and fine-wool sheep offered forage-concentrate diets differing in nitrogen concentration

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. ZHOU ◽  
J. D. MI ◽  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
X. S. GUO ◽  
H. C. WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Tibetan Sheep ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

SUMMARYA comparative study of the effect of dietary nitrogen (N) content [Low: 11·0; Medium-Low (MLow): 16·7; Medium-High (Mhigh): 23·1; High: 29·2 N g/kg dry matter (DM)] on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation and N balance was conducted in coarse wool Tibetan sheep and Gansu Alpine fine-wool sheep at Wushaoling in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It was hypothesized that responses would differ between breeds and that responses would favour Tibetan over fine-wool sheep at low N intakes. Eight wethers [four Tibetan sheep and four fine-wool sheep, 20–24 months old; body weight ± standard deviation was 52 ± 3·2 kg] were used in two concurrent 4 × 4 Latin square designs. Dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were higher in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep when fed the Low, MLow and High N diets while N retention was higher when the animals were fed the Low and MLow N diets. Tibetan sheep had a higher rumen pH than fine-wool sheep; however, total volatile fatty acids were similar between breeds. Molar proportions of acetate were higher but propionate and butyrate lower in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep. In addition, Tibetan sheep had higher concentrations of ruminal free amino acid-N and soluble protein-N than fine-wool sheep. Plasma and saliva urea-N concentrations were higher in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep when supplied with the Low N diet. It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low N feed than fine-wool sheep because of the higher N retention and higher DM and fibre digestibilities with Low and MLow diets.

Corn or alfalfa as the forage source in predominantly silage diets for late-lactation dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
P. H. Robinson ◽  
R. E. McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Dietary Energy Density

Twelve multiparous and three primiparous cows were used in a 10-wk lactation study with two repeated measures to evaluate diets containing 90% timothy–alfalfa silage (TA), 84% corn silage (CS) or an equal mixture of each (TA–CS). Each diet was supplemented with minerals to meet requirements; barley was used as a carrier. Diets CS and TA–CS were also supplemented with urea, casein and soybean meal, making them similar to TA for undegraded intake protein (UIP) and degraded intake protein (DIP) levels. Two of the cows on each treatment were fitted with a ruminal cannula. There were no treatment effects on intake (27 g DM kg−1 BW), body-weight change or body-condition score. Milk yield averaged 15.3 kg d−1 and was not treatment influenced (P > 0.05); however, yield of fat and protein and percentage of lactose in milk showed a linear response to increased corn silage in the diet (P < 0.05). Rumen pH was least and rumen ammonia concentration greatest in the mixed silage diet (P < 0.05). Rumen pool sizes of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were not treatment influenced (P > 0.05). All treatments supported modest levels of production for cows in late lactation, with increasing dietary energy density from corn silage increasing energy output in milk. Key words: Dairy cow, silage diets, forage species, milk production

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