scholarly journals Intestinal development of early-weaned piglets receiving diets supplemented with selected amino acids or polyamines

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Ewtushik ◽  
R. F. P. Bertolo ◽  
R. O. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urea Cycle ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Mucosal Growth ◽  
Arginine Supplementation

Early-weaned piglets are subjected to various environmental and nutritional stresses that can result in overall poor performance. Several amino acids associated with the urea cycle have been shown to be critical to intestinal development and metabolism. The objective of this research was to examine performance and intestinal development in early-weaned piglets receiving diets supplemented with selected amino acids or polyamines. Forty-two Yorkshire piglets (3.94 ± 0.43 kg) weaned at ~12.5 d were randomly assigned to diets supplemented with either arginine, glutamate, citrulline, ornithine or polyamines, at levels of 0.93, 6.51, 0.94, 0.90 and 0.39%, respectively. Diets were fed for 12 d and various parameters to assess growth and intestinal development were measured. Glutamate supplementation enhanced both total and mucosal growth in several sections of the small intestine (P < 0.05), whereas polyamines were detrimental to intestinal growth. Arginine and glutamate supplementation prevented weaning-induced villus atrophy in the duodenum, compared with both the control and polyamine-fed pigs (P = 0.004). These results indicate that glutamate and arginine supplementation may enhance intestinal development of the early-weaned piglet, whereas polyamine supplementation at the ratios and concentrations used in this experiment is not recommended in typical early-weaned piglet diets. Key words: Early-weaning, amino acids, piglet, polyamine, small intestine, development

Comparison of the Small Intestine of 0-day-old Neonatal Piglets vs. 21-day-old Weaned Piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yuan ◽  
Yuxin Jin ◽  
Abid Ullah Shah ◽  
En Zhang ◽  
penghao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Abstract Background: Neonatal piglets are susceptible to intestinal infections . Gut is the body’s major immune structure and the intestinal mucosa, which is composed of intestinal epithelial cells (IELs) and subepithelial natural immune cells, is considered as the primary site for eliciting local immune responses to foreign antigens. This study compared the intestinal immune cells of neonatal and weaned piglets to provide a theoretical and mechanistic basis for preventing intestinal infectious diseases. Results: Histological analyses of weaned piglet intestines showed increased crypt depth, high IEL count, and increased areas of ileal Peyer’s patches. Additionally, the duodenal and ileal villi of weaned piglets were longer than those of neonatal piglets. Expression of claudin-3 protein in weaned piglets was remarkably high as compared with neonatal piglets. The number of CD3 + T cells, goblet cells, and secretory cells was high in the small intestines of weaned piglets in vivo. Contrarily, secretory IgA-positive cell numbers in the jejunum remained unchanged between neonatal and weaned piglets. Gene expression of 12 pattern recognition receptor (PRR) (TLR1–10, MDA5, and RIG-I) was examined in neonatal and weaned piglet small intestine (duodenum, jejunum , and ileum). The pattern of mRNA expression level of most PRR genes in the duodenum and jejunum was inverse of that in the ileum. Compared with weaned piglets, there were significantly fewer intestinal lymphocytes at birth in neonatal pigs. Conclusions: The physical, biochemical, and immune-related components of neonatal and weaned piglet small intestines were investigated to provide preliminary data on the pathogenetic mechanism for future studies.

scholarly journals Amino Acids Influencing Intestinal Development and Health of the Piglets

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Mou ◽  
Huan-Sheng Yang ◽  
Yu-Long Yin ◽  
Peng-Fei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Weaning Piglets

The amino acids and other components of diet provide nourishment for piglet intestinal development and maturation. However, early-weaned piglets struggle with tremendous stress, impairing normal intestinal health and leading to intestinal dysfunction and even death. The high prevalence worldwide of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) in piglets has led to much interest in understanding the important role of nutrients in the establishment and maintenance of a functional intestinal tract. In particular, the impacts of amino acids on these functions must be considered. Amino acid levels greatly influence intestinal development in weaning piglets. The lack of amino acids can cause marked structural and functional changes in the intestine. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the functions of amino acids is necessary to optimize amino acid requirements of the developing intestinal tract to maximize piglet health and growth performance. This review summarizes the role of specific amino acids (arginine, glutamate, threonine, sulphur-containing amino acids (SCAAs), and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)) that have been proven to be beneficial for the intestinal health of weaned piglets.

Diet Selection of Weaned Piglets - Is a Training Period Necessary?

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
J.A. Dalby ◽  
J.M. Forbes ◽  
M.A. Varley ◽  
S. Jagger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Selection Of

The requirements of a weaned piglet are expected to change systematically over the period 6kg-25kg. Commonly during this time animals will be offered two diets. However, initially on each diet the animal may be restricted because it's protein requirements are in excess of that supplied by the diet. Then latterly, amino acids may be oversupplied requiring deamination of the excess by the pig. This is a costly process, in terms of the energy required by the pig and commercially, in terms of food protein costs. This system also does not take into account differing individual requirements within a group of pigs due to genotype, sex, maturity and stage of growth. As a result potential benefits are to be obtained if weaned piglets can be shown to choose an adequate diet, meeting their individual requirements, when given a choice of feeds.

The effect of litter origin upon the structure of the small intestine of piglets at weaning

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
S. M. Carroll ◽  
H. M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Sampling

The purpose of this study was to determine whether litter origin had an effect upon the structure of the small intestine in newly weaned piglets. The gut of the newly weaned piglet undergoes significant structural changes such as a decrease in villus height and an increase in crypt depth following commercial weaning. Litter origin has been shown to influence piglet performance immediately post weaning (Slade and Miller, 1999) and to have a significant influence upon blood metabolite concentrations in the newborn piglet (Ilsley and Miller, 2003). Litter origin therefore may also influence the structure of the small intestine in the piglet, which in turn would affect the experimental sampling strategies used in trials investigating effects on gut structure. This study was carried out to test the null hypothesis that litter origin would not have an effect upon the structure of the small intestine in the newly weaned piglet.

scholarly journals The use of nucleotides, vitamins and functional amino acids to enhance the structure of the small intestine and circulating measures of immune function in the post-weaned piglet

2011 ◽  
Vol 165 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. Moore ◽  
B.P. Mullan ◽  
J.R. Pluske ◽  
J.C. Kim ◽  
D.N. D'Souza
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Weaned Piglet

scholarly journals Absorption of Keto-Analogues of Branched-Chain Amino Acids from Rat Small Intestine

1979 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Weber ◽  
Susan B. Deak ◽  
Roger A. Laine
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Keto Analogues

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

Measurement of protein turnover in the small intestine of lambs. 2. Effects of feed intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. NEUTZE ◽  
J. M. GOODEN ◽  
V. H. ODDY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein

This study used an experimental model, described in a companion paper, to examine the effects of feed intake on protein turnover in the small intestine of lambs. Ten male castrate lambs (∼ 10 months old) were offered, via continuous feeders, either 400 (n = 5) or 1200 (n = 5) g/day lucerne chaff, and mean experimental liveweights were 28 and 33 kg respectively. All lambs were prepared with catheters in the cranial mesenteric vein (CMV), femoral artery (FA), jugular vein and abomasum, and a blood flow probe around the CMV. Cr-EDTA (0·139 mg Cr/ml, ∼ 0·2 ml/min) was infused abomasally for 24 h and L-[2,6-3H]phenylalanine (Phe) (420±9·35 μCi into the abomasum) and L-[U-14C]phenylalanine (49·6±3·59 μCi into the jugular vein) were also infused during the last 8 h. Blood from the CMV and FA was sampled during the isotope infusions. At the end of infusions, lambs were killed and tissue (n = 4) and digesta (n = 2) samples removed from the small intestine (SI) of each animal. Transfers of labelled and unlabelled Phe were measured between SI tissue, its lumen and blood, enabling both fractional and absolute rates of protein synthesis and gain to be estimated.Total SI mass increased significantly with feed intake (P < 0·05), although not on a liveweight basis. Fractional rates of protein gain in the SI tended to increase (P = 0·12) with feed intake; these rates were −16·2 (±13·7) and 23·3 (±15·2) % per day in lambs offered 400 and 1200 g/day respectively. Mean protein synthesis and fractional synthesis rates (FSR), calculated from the mean retention of 14C and 3H in SI tissue, were both positively affected by feed intake (0·01 < P < 0·05). The choice of free Phe pool for estimating precursor specific radioactivity (SRA) for protein synthesis had a major effect on FSR. Assuming that tissue free Phe SRA represented precursor SRA, mean FSR were 81 (±15) and 145 (±24) % per day in lambs offered 400 and 1200 g/day respectively. Corresponding estimates for free Phe SRA in the FA and CMV were 28 (±2·9) and 42 (±3·5) % per day on 400 g/day, and 61 (±2·9) and 94 (±6·0) on 1200 g/day. The correct value for protein synthesis was therefore in doubt, although indirect evidence suggested that blood SRA (either FA or CMV) may be closest to true precursor SRA. This evidence included (i) comparison with flooding dose estimates of FSR, (ii) comparison of 3H[ratio ]14C Phe SRA in free Phe pools with this ratio in SI protein, and (iii) the proportion of SI energy use associated with protein synthesis.Using the experimental model, the proportion of small intestinal protein synthesis exported was estimated as 0·13–0·27 (depending on the choice of precursor) and was unaffected by feed intake. The contribution of the small intestine to whole body protein synthesis tended to be higher in lambs offered 1200 g/day (0·21) than in those offered 400 g/day (0·13). The data obtained in this study suggested a role for the small intestine in modulating amino acid supply with changes in feed intake. At high intake (1200 g/day), the small intestine increases in mass and CMV uptake of amino acids is less than absorption from the lumen, while at low intake (400 g/day), this organ loses mass and CMV uptake of amino acids exceeds that absorbed. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Evaluation of Soybean Meal, Corn Gluten Meal, Blood Meal and Fish Meal as Sources of Nitrogen and Amino Acids Disappearing from the Small Intestine of Steers

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan C. Titgemeyer ◽  
Neal R. Merchen ◽  
Larry L. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten
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