Comparison of the Small Intestine of 0-day-old Neonatal Piglets vs. 21-day-old Weaned Piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yuan ◽  
Yuxin Jin ◽  
Abid Ullah Shah ◽  
En Zhang ◽  
penghao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Abstract Background: Neonatal piglets are susceptible to intestinal infections . Gut is the body’s major immune structure and the intestinal mucosa, which is composed of intestinal epithelial cells (IELs) and subepithelial natural immune cells, is considered as the primary site for eliciting local immune responses to foreign antigens. This study compared the intestinal immune cells of neonatal and weaned piglets to provide a theoretical and mechanistic basis for preventing intestinal infectious diseases. Results: Histological analyses of weaned piglet intestines showed increased crypt depth, high IEL count, and increased areas of ileal Peyer’s patches. Additionally, the duodenal and ileal villi of weaned piglets were longer than those of neonatal piglets. Expression of claudin-3 protein in weaned piglets was remarkably high as compared with neonatal piglets. The number of CD3 + T cells, goblet cells, and secretory cells was high in the small intestines of weaned piglets in vivo. Contrarily, secretory IgA-positive cell numbers in the jejunum remained unchanged between neonatal and weaned piglets. Gene expression of 12 pattern recognition receptor (PRR) (TLR1–10, MDA5, and RIG-I) was examined in neonatal and weaned piglet small intestine (duodenum, jejunum , and ileum). The pattern of mRNA expression level of most PRR genes in the duodenum and jejunum was inverse of that in the ileum. Compared with weaned piglets, there were significantly fewer intestinal lymphocytes at birth in neonatal pigs. Conclusions: The physical, biochemical, and immune-related components of neonatal and weaned piglet small intestines were investigated to provide preliminary data on the pathogenetic mechanism for future studies.

scholarly journals Single-blinded Study Highlighting the Differences between the Small Intestines of Neonatal and Weaned Piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yuan ◽  
Yuxin Jin ◽  
Abid Ullah Shah ◽  
En Zhang ◽  
penghao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Small Intestines

Abstract Background: The gut is the body’s major immune structure, and the gut mucosa, which contains intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and subepithelial natural immune cells, is considered the primary site for eliciting local immune responses to foreign antigens. Pigs are susceptible to intestinal infections at all life stages; however, neonates tend to be the most susceptible. This study compared the small intestine of neonatal and weaned piglets to provide a theoretical basis for preventing intestinal infectious diseases in neonatal piglets. Results: Histological analyses of weaned piglet intestines showed increased crypt depth, higher IEL count, and larger ileal Peyer’s patches compared with those of neonates. Additionally, the ileal villi of weaned piglets were longer than those of neonatal piglets. The expression of claudin-3 and occludin protein was remarkably higher in weaned piglets than in neonatal piglets. The numbers of CD3 + T cells, goblet cells, and secretory cells were also higher in the small intestine of weaned piglets than in those of neonates. The number of secretory IgA-positive cells in the jejunum was not significantly different between neonatal and weaned piglets. The gene expression of 12 pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLR1–10, MDA5, and RIG-I in the small intestines of both neonatal and weaned piglets was also examined. The mRNA expression of most pattern recognition receptors genes in the duodenum and jejunum was higher in weaners than in neonates; however, the inverse was true in the ileum. Compared with that in weaned piglets, there were significantly fewer CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells from peripheral blood-mononuclear cells in neonatal piglets. Conclusions: In this study, the physical and immunological components of small intestines of neonatal and weaned piglets were investigated. Our results provide preliminary data on differences in the immune mechanisms between the small intestines of 0- and 21-day-old piglets. Future studies could focus on additional developmental stages of pigs and how the differences in their small intestines affect the animal’s response to pathogens

scholarly journals Single-Blinded Study Highlighting the Differences between the Small Intestines of Neonatal and Weaned Piglets

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Chen Yuan ◽  
Penghao Zhang ◽  
Yuxin Jin ◽  
Abid Ullah Shah ◽  
En Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Small Intestines

The gut is one of the body’s major immune structures, and the gut mucosa, which contains intestinal epithelium and subepithelial immune cells, is the primary site for eliciting local immune responses to foreign antigens. Intestinal immune system development in pigs is a transitional period during birth and weaning. This study compares the morphological and immunological differences in the small intestine of neonatal and weaned piglets to potentially prevent intestinal infectious diseases in neonatal piglets. Histological analyses of weaned piglet intestines showed increased crypt depth, higher IEL count, and larger ileal Peyer’s patches compared with those of neonates. Additionally, the ileal villi of weaned piglets were longer than those of neonatal piglets, and claudin-3 protein expression was significantly higher in weaned than in neonatal piglets. The numbers of CD3+ T, goblet, and secretory cells were also higher in the small intestines of weaned piglets than in those of neonates. No significant differences were observed in the secretory IgA-positive cell number in the jejunum of weaned and neonatal piglets. The mRNA expression of most pattern recognition receptors genes in the duodenum and jejunum was higher in the weaned than neonatal piglets; however, the opposite was true in the ileum. The mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the jejunal and ileal mucosa were higher in weaned piglets than in neonatal piglets. There were significantly fewer CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood-mononuclear cells in neonatal piglets. Our study provides insights regarding the different immune mechanisms within the small intestines of 0- and 21-day-old piglets. Studies on the additional developmental stages and how differences in the small intestines affect the response of pigs to pathogens remain warranted.

The effect of litter origin upon the structure of the small intestine of piglets at weaning

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
S. M. Carroll ◽  
H. M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Sampling

The purpose of this study was to determine whether litter origin had an effect upon the structure of the small intestine in newly weaned piglets. The gut of the newly weaned piglet undergoes significant structural changes such as a decrease in villus height and an increase in crypt depth following commercial weaning. Litter origin has been shown to influence piglet performance immediately post weaning (Slade and Miller, 1999) and to have a significant influence upon blood metabolite concentrations in the newborn piglet (Ilsley and Miller, 2003). Litter origin therefore may also influence the structure of the small intestine in the piglet, which in turn would affect the experimental sampling strategies used in trials investigating effects on gut structure. This study was carried out to test the null hypothesis that litter origin would not have an effect upon the structure of the small intestine in the newly weaned piglet.

scholarly journals Intestinal development of early-weaned piglets receiving diets supplemented with selected amino acids or polyamines

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Ewtushik ◽  
R. F. P. Bertolo ◽  
R. O. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urea Cycle ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Mucosal Growth ◽  
Arginine Supplementation

Early-weaned piglets are subjected to various environmental and nutritional stresses that can result in overall poor performance. Several amino acids associated with the urea cycle have been shown to be critical to intestinal development and metabolism. The objective of this research was to examine performance and intestinal development in early-weaned piglets receiving diets supplemented with selected amino acids or polyamines. Forty-two Yorkshire piglets (3.94 ± 0.43 kg) weaned at ~12.5 d were randomly assigned to diets supplemented with either arginine, glutamate, citrulline, ornithine or polyamines, at levels of 0.93, 6.51, 0.94, 0.90 and 0.39%, respectively. Diets were fed for 12 d and various parameters to assess growth and intestinal development were measured. Glutamate supplementation enhanced both total and mucosal growth in several sections of the small intestine (P < 0.05), whereas polyamines were detrimental to intestinal growth. Arginine and glutamate supplementation prevented weaning-induced villus atrophy in the duodenum, compared with both the control and polyamine-fed pigs (P = 0.004). These results indicate that glutamate and arginine supplementation may enhance intestinal development of the early-weaned piglet, whereas polyamine supplementation at the ratios and concentrations used in this experiment is not recommended in typical early-weaned piglet diets. Key words: Early-weaning, amino acids, piglet, polyamine, small intestine, development

scholarly journals Timing, Localization, and Persistence of Colonization by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in the Neonatal Mouse Gut Depend on Immune Status of Mothers and Pups

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 3611-3617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Qing Jiang ◽  
Nicolaas A. Bos ◽  
John J. Cebra
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Segmented Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Small Intestines

ABSTRACT As a member of the indigenous gut mucosal microbiota, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) colonize the guts of a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. They are potent microbial stimuli of the gut mucosal immune system. In the small intestines of mice and rats, it has been observed that SFB are absent during the suckling period and appear in high numbers shortly after weaning, then quickly retreat to the cecum and large intestine. In this study, we explored whether this microecological phenomenon resulted from the interaction between SFB and the passively acquired maternal mucosal immunity and/or the actively acquired mucosal immunity. We set up a mouse model by reciprocal crossings and backcrossings of SFB-monoassociated, formerly germ-free, immunocompetent (+/+) BALB/c mice and immunodeficient (scid/scid) mice to produce pups which are either immunocompetent (scid/+) or immunodeficient (scid/scid) and are born either to immunocompetent (scid/+) mothers or to immunodeficient (scid/scid) mothers. We monitored the number of SFB on the mucosa of the small intestine in the four different groups of mice after birth, as well as the level of passively acquired antibodies, the active gut mucosal immune responses, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) coating of SFB in the gut. The results showed that, irrespective of whether the pups were scid/scid or scid/+, SFB could be found earlier on the mucosa of the small intestine in pups born to scid/scid mothers, appearing from day 13 and rapidly reaching a climax around weaning time on day 28, compared to the significantly delayed colonization in the pups of scid/+ mothers, starting from day 16 and peaking around days 28 to 32. After the climax, SFB quickly declined to very low levels in the small intestines of scid/+ pups of either scid/scid mothers or scid/+ mothers, whereas they remained at high levels in scid/scid pups at least until day 70, the last observation time in this study. The dynamic changes in SFB colonization of the small intestines of the different groups of pups may be related to the dynamic changes in the levels of SFB coated with secretory IgA (sIgA), which resulted from the significantly different levels of sIgA obtained from the mothers' milk during the suckling period and, later, of self-produced sIgA in the small intestine. Nevertheless, it is evident that the timing, localization, and persistence of colonization of the neonatal gut by SFB depends on the immune status of both mothers and pups.

Beneficial effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 in weaned piglets: in vivo and ex vivo analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Garcia ◽  
C.A. Dogi ◽  
V.L. Poloni ◽  
A.S. Fochesato ◽  
A. De Moreno de Leblanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Yeast Strain ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Ex Vivo Model

Probiotics represents an alternative to replace antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed and are able to control enteric bacterial diseases and to improve gut immunity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 showed previously inhibition/coagregation of pathogens) and mycotoxins adsorbent ability (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone). The aim of this work was to evaluate beneficial properties of S. cerevisiae RC016 in a non-inflammatory in vivo model in weaned piglets and in an intestinal inflammation ex vivo model induced by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) levels, intestinal cytokines, goblet cells and production parameters were evaluated in a pig model. For the in vivo assays, twelve pigs were weaned at 21 days and assigned to two groups: Control (n=6) and Yeast (n=6). Animals received yeast strain for three weeks. After 22 days the small intestine was recovered for determination of goblet cells and s-IgA. For the ex vivo assay, jejunal explants were obtained from 5 weeks old crossbred piglets and treated as follow: (1) control; (2) treated for 3 h with 10 μM DON used as an inflammatory stressor; (3) incubated with 107 cfu/ml yeast strain; (4) pre-incubated 1 h with 107 cfu/ml yeast strain and then treated for 3 h with 10 μM DON. CCL20, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and IL-22 gene expression was determined by qPCR. Oral administration of S. cerevisiae RC016 increased s-IgA, the number of goblet cells in small intestine and all the growth parameters measured. In the ex vivo model, the cytokine profile studied showed a potential anti-inflammatory effect of the administration of the yeast. In conclusion, S. cerevisiae RC016 is a promising candidate for feed additives formulation to improve animal growth and gut immune system. This yeast strain could be able to improve the gut health through counteracting the weaning-associated intestinal inflammation in piglets.

Increased Circulatory Extrarenal 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Bilaterally Nephrectomized Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1523-1530
Author(s):  
Murat Dabak ◽  
Durrin O. Dabak ◽  
Tuncay Kuloglu ◽  
Ersoy Baydar ◽  
Hakan Bulut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Bilateral Nephrectomy ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Background: Extrarenal 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D) locally produced by immune cells plays crucial roles in the regulation of the immune system. However, in vivo status of extrarenal 1,25-D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-D) in acute inflammatory conditions are unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the extrarenal 1,25-D level in circulation in bilaterally nephrectomized rats, induced by low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Renal 1,25-D synthesis was terminated through bilateral nephrectomy in rats. The rats received intraperitoneal LPS (50 μg/kg BW) three times and the experiment was ended 24 hours after nephrectomy. Serum 1,25-D, 25-D, calcium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin levels were measured and immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the sources of extrarenal 1,25- D synthesis. Results: Circulatory 1,25-D concentration remarkably increased in both LPS-treated and non-treated bilaterally nephrectomized rats. Elevated circulatory 1,25-D did not have hypercalcemic endocrinal effects. The increased 1,25-D level also resulted in a concurrent rapid and dramatic depletion of circulatory 25-D. Conclusions: Extrarenal 1,25-D could enter into the systemic circulation and, therefore, might have systemic effects besides its autocrine and paracrine functions.

scholarly journals Bovine Milk-Derived Emulsifiers Increase Triglyceride Absorption in Newborn Formula-Fed Pigs

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Bach Korsholm Knudsen ◽  
Christine Heerup ◽  
Tine Røngaard Stange Jensen ◽  
Xiaolu Geng ◽  
Nikolaj Drachmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Lipid Digestion ◽  
Soy Lecithin ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Milk Fat Globule Membranes

Efficient lipid digestion in formula-fed infants is required to ensure the availability of fatty acids for normal organ development. Previous studies suggest that the efficiency of lipid digestion may depend on whether lipids are emulsified with soy lecithin or fractions derived from bovine milk. This study, therefore, aimed to determine whether emulsification with bovine milk-derived emulsifiers or soy lecithin (SL) influenced lipid digestion in vitro and in vivo. Lipid digestibility was determined in vitro in oil-in-water emulsions using four different milk-derived emulsifiers or SL, and the ultrastructural appearance of the emulsions was assessed using electron microscopy. Subsequently, selected emulsions were added to a base diet and fed to preterm neonatal piglets. Initially, preterm pigs equipped with an ileostomy were fed experimental formulas for seven days and stoma output was collected quantitatively. Next, lipid absorption kinetics was studied in preterm pigs given pure emulsions. Finally, complete formulas with different emulsions were fed for four days, and the post-bolus plasma triglyceride level was determined. Milk-derived emulsifiers (containing protein and phospholipids from milk fat globule membranes and extracellular vesicles) showed increased effects on fat digestion compared to SL in an in vitro digestion model. Further, milk-derived emulsifiers significantly increased the digestion of triglyceride in the preterm piglet model compared with SL. Ultra-structural images indicated a more regular and smooth surface of fat droplets emulsified with milk-derived emulsifiers relative to SL. We conclude that, relative to SL, milk-derived emulsifiers lead to a different surface ultrastructure on the lipid droplets, and increase lipid digestion.

scholarly journals A human antibody selective for transthyretin amyloid removes cardiac amyloid through phagocytic immune cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubin Michalon ◽  
Andreas Hagenbuch ◽  
Christian Huy ◽  
Evita Varela ◽  
Benoit Combaluzier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Hereditary Disease ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Cardiac Amyloid ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Ongoing Phase

AbstractTransthyretin amyloid (ATTR) cardiomyopathy is a debilitating disease leading to heart failure and death. It is characterized by the deposition of extracellular ATTR fibrils in the myocardium. Reducing myocardial ATTR load is a therapeutic goal anticipated to translate into restored cardiac function and improved patient survival. For this purpose, we developed the selective anti-ATTR antibody NI301A, a recombinant human monoclonal immunoglobulin G1. NI301A was cloned following comprehensive analyses of memory B cell repertoires derived from healthy elderly subjects. NI301A binds selectively with high affinity to the disease-associated ATTR aggregates of either wild-type or variant ATTR related to sporadic or hereditary disease, respectively. It does not bind physiological transthyretin. NI301A removes ATTR deposits ex vivo from patient-derived myocardium by macrophages, as well as in vivo from mice grafted with patient-derived ATTR fibrils in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The biological activity of ATTR removal involves antibody-mediated activation of phagocytic immune cells including macrophages. These data support the evaluation of safety and tolerability of NI301A in an ongoing phase 1 clinical trial in patients with ATTR cardiomyopathy.

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