Rumen degradation ratios, available protein, and structural and non-structural carbohydrates: Comparison of frost-damaged wheat with normal wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiqiang Yu and ◽  
Vern Racz
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Available N ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Degradation Ratio ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

In this study, rumen degradation ratios and characteristics of estimated structural carbohydrates (SC), non-structural carbohydrate (starch: ST), and crude protein (CP) in the frost-damaged wheat were determined in dairy cows, using Tamminga’s Rumen Degradation Ratio System. The rumen degradation ratios were compared with the optimum ratio range. Measured ruminal degradation characteristics were soluble fraction (S: ST and CP), undegradable fraction (U: SC and CP), lag time (T0: SC and CP), and rate of degradation (Kd: SC, ST, and CP) of the insoluble but degradable fraction (D: SC, ST, and CP). The results for the S, U, and D fractions and for T0 and Kd were used to calculate the subsequent parameters of the rumen degradation ratios. The overall test weight losses of the frost-damaged wheat were around 24%. The measured characteristics showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the normal and frost-damaged wheat: (1) rumen available insoluble N (EN), SC (ESC), and ST (EST) were 14 vs. 11 (P < 0.05), 133 vs. 254 (P < 0.05), and 441 vs. 326 g kg-1 DM (P < 0.05), respectively, for the normal and frost-damaged wheat; (2) rumen available soluble N (SN), SC (SSC), and ST (SST) were 3 vs. 6 (P < 0.05), 0 vs. 0, and 86 vs. 84 g kg-1 DM (P > 0.05), respectively; and (3) total rumen available N (FN), SC (FSC) and ST (FST) were 17 vs. 17 (P > 0.05), 139 vs. 254 (P < 0.05), and 527 vs. 410 g kg-1 DM (P < 0.05), respectively. Degradation ratios were calculated based on the measured characteristics. The ratio between rumen available insoluble N and carbohydrates (EN/ECHO = 18 vs. 24 g kg-1, P < 0.05) was significantly lower for the frost-damaged than for the normal wheat. The frost-damaged wheat had numerically higher rumen available soluble N/carbohydrate ratio (SN/SCHO = 89 vs. 35 g kg-1, P > 0.05) and same total rumen available N/carbohydrate ratio (FN/FCHO = 25 vs. 25 g kg-1) than the normal wheat. These results indicated that the normal and frost-damaged wheat differed in degradation characteristics; however, both exhibited a rumen fermentation ratio FN/FCHO within the optimal range (25 to 33 g N kg-1 CHO). Key words: Optimal rumen fermentation, degradation ratio, frost-damaged wheat

scholarly journals Effect of extrusion on the rumen undegradable protein fraction of lupins

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Brand ◽  
L. Jordaan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

Lupins are highly degradable in the rumen, and do not provide enough bypass protein for high-producing ruminant animals. The effects of extrusion on dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradability of Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius were determined in situ. Samples of both types of lupin were extruded at maximum temperature, which reached 116 °C. Six Dohne Merino wethers fitted with rumen cannulas were used in this trial. Samples were incubated in the rumen at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 12, 36, and 48 hours. This procedure was repeated in two sheep per treatment and in three periods, giving a total of six observations for each variable. Extrusion lowered the soluble fraction of CP and increased the potential degradable fraction without affecting its rate of degradation. It also lowered the effective degradability of CP of both types of lupin by 28% at an outflow rate of 0.08% per hour. No differences were observed between types. Extrusion modified the ruminal degradation parameters and decreased effective rumen degradation, especially at faster outflow rates. Thus, the rumen undegradable protein (RUP) fraction of lupins was increased by extrusion and lupins could be used more efficiently in ruminant diets. This study showed that the benefits of extrusion could be reached at a relatively low temperature of 116 °C to reduce the possibility of heat damage.

scholarly journals Ruminal behaviour of structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates and crude protein from concentrate ingredients in dairy cows.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 513-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tamminga ◽  
A.M. van Vuuren ◽  
C.J. van der Koelen ◽  
R.S. Ketelaar ◽  
P.L. van der Togt
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Ruminal degradation characteristics of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), starch and crude protein (CP) in concentrate ingredients were estimated in dairy cows using nylon bag incubations. Soluble fraction (starch, CP), undegradable fraction (NDF, CP), lag time (NDF) and rate of degradation of the insoluble but degradable fraction (NDF, starch, CP) were measured and showed large variation. Based on measured and partly estimated characteristics ratio's were calculated between total rumen available CP and carbohydrates, between soluble CP and soluble carbohydrates and between insoluble rumen available CP and insoluble rumen available carbohydrates. Ratio's varied largely between feeds and between soluble and insoluble fractions. It is concluded that such ratio's can be used to optimize the composition of concentrates with regard to rumen fermentation. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Prediction of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre concentration in residues of in situ ruminal degradation of pasture samples by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Keim ◽  
H. Charles ◽  
D. Alomar
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Animal Feedstuffs

An important constraint of in situ degradability studies is the need to analyse a high number of samples and often with insufficient amount of residue, especially after the longer incubations of high-quality forages, that impede the study of more than one nutritional component. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been established as a reliable method for predicting composition of many entities, including forages and other animal feedstuffs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of NIRS for predicting the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration in rumen incubation residues of permanent and sown temperate pastures in a vegetative stage. In situ residues (n = 236) from four swards were scanned for their visible-NIR spectra and analysed for CP and NDF. Selected equations developed by partial least-squares multivariate regression presented high coefficients of determination (CP = 0.99, NDF = 0.95) and low standard errors (CP = 4.17 g/kg, NDF = 7.91 g/kg) in cross-validation. These errors compare favourably to the average concentrations of CP and NDF (146.5 and 711.2 g/kg, respectively) and represent a low fraction of their standard deviation (CP = 38.2 g/kg, NDF = 34.4 g/kg). An external validation was not as successful, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.82 and a standard error of prediction of 14.8 and 15.2 g/kg, for CP and NDF, respectively. It is concluded that NIRS has the potential to predict CP and NDF of in situ incubation residues of leafy pastures typical of humid temperate zones, but more robust calibrations should be developed.

scholarly journals Effect of essential and vegetable oil blend supplementation on animal performance, feed intake, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial populations of crossbred steers finished in a pasture system

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e738998057
Author(s):  
Camila Mottin ◽  
Francisco Augusto Ricci Catalano ◽  
Daniele Maggioni Chefer ◽  
Fabiana Lana de Araújo ◽  
Venício Macedo Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Oil Blends ◽  
Oil Blend

Recent years have seen a general increase in consumer concern regarding the profile of additives in animal feed and food sources, prompting the industry to study essential oil blends that have been promoted to replace synthetic products. This study evaluated the effect of essential oil blends supplementation on animal performance, feed intake, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial populations in crossbred steers finished in a pasture system. A total of 40 steers (½ Bons Mara vs. ½ Nellore) with a mean age of 20 ± 2.0 months and a mean body weight of 416.9 ± 5.56 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and eight replications per diet. The five experimental diets were: CONT – basal diet, and oil blend inclusion in dosages of 1500, 3000, 4500 or 6000 mg/animal/d. Animal performance was similar among diets. The forage intake, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, ethereal extract, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and the digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrates were greater when essential oil blends were fed to steers. There was an increase in the concentrations of rumen ammonia nitrogen, and propionic and isovaleric volatile fatty acids when essential oil blends were used. The microbiological population of the rumen was similar among the five diets. Our results suggest that the inclusion of doses above 1500 mg/animal/ is high for livestock grazing on temperate pasture, further studies are needed to identify a promising dose to replace antimicrobial additives.

INFLUENCE OF AMMONIATION OF HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY ON ITS IN SITU RUMEN DEGRADATION AND INFLUENCE ON RUMEN FERMENTATION IN DAIRY COWS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 839-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. ROBINSON ◽  
J. J. KENNELLY
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Reduced Rate

High-moisture barley (HMB) was ammoniated at levels of 0, 0.65, 1.30, and 1.95% of dry matter (DM) and stored in 6-t lots in large plastic silage bags. In situ rumen degradation rate of DM in HMB decreased with increased level of ammoniation, nitrogen component degradation was little influenced, and neutral detergent residue degradation increased. Three dairy cows with large rumen cannulae were fed totally mixed diets twice daily in five experimental periods. Diets contained 490 g kg−1 oat silage, 385 g kg−1 HMB, and 125 g kg−1 of a protein-mineral-vitamin supplement. Measurements were made from weeks 18 to 33 of lactation to determine effects of ammoniation of HMB on levels and patterns of feed intake, as well as parameters of rumen fermentation. Cows tended to eat diets more rapidly as ammoniation level of substituted HMB increased, although total DM intake was not influenced. Rate of decline of rumen pH, and accumulation of butyrate, post-feeding was less pronounced as level of ammoniation of substituted HMB increased, supporting reduced rate of rumen degradation of HMB. However, total extent of change was greater, perhaps reflecting more rapid feed consumption post-feeding. Increased rumen acetate and butyrate concentrations as well as reduced concentration of 3 methyl butyrate suggests greater rumen fiber fermentation may have occurred as level of ammoniation of substituted HMB increased. Key words: Cows (dairy), ammoniation, high-moisture barley

Effect of different methods for conserving rice grain on in situ ruminal degradation and in vivo nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation in steers

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 972-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Miyaji ◽  
Hidehiko Inoue ◽  
Tetsuo Kawaide ◽  
Masanori Tohno ◽  
Yuko Kamiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

scholarly journals Influences of starter NDF level on growth performance and rumen development in lambs fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Xie ◽  
WenQin Huang ◽  
ChunXiang Zhang ◽  
QiYu Diao ◽  
Kai Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Stomach Weight ◽  
Keratin Layer

Abstract Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), as the main component of structural carbohydrate in forage, is a vital factor impacting the performance of young ruminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of starter NDF level on the rumen fermentation and morphometrics of lambs fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. One hundred Hu sheep lambs (18 days of age and 6.1 ± 0.1 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to one of the four starter diets differing in their NDF levels on a dry matter (DM) basis: 1) diet with 14% NDF (NDF14), 2) diet with 18% NDF (NDF18), 3) diet with 22% NDF (NDF22), and 4) diet with 26% NDF (NDF26). Lambs were fed milk replacer with designed starters from 21 to 60 d of age and then transitioned to the same starter feed until 90 d of age. Six lambs from each treatment (close to the average BW of the corresponding treatment) were selected and slaughtered at 90 d of age for measuring rumen fermentation, anatomical development, and morphometric characteristics. Lambs receiving NDF22 and NDF26 starter diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) intake of starter and total DM, and average daily gain during the overall period, thereby heavier (P &lt; 0.05) final weights at 90 d of age compared with those fed NDF14 starter diet. At 90 d of age, lambs fed NDF22 and NDF26 starters had higher rumen pH, followed by lower propionate, higher acetate concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), and a higher acetate-to-propionate ratio compared with those fed NDF14 and NDF18 starters (P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences of the full and empty weight of reticulorumen were observed among treatments; however, the reticulorumen weight expressed as a percentage of the complex stomach weight was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in lambs fed NDF22 and NDF26 starters compared with those fed NDF14 starter. Furthermore, NDF14 lambs had the thickest keratin layer and epithelium compared with those in the other treatments but showed the thinnest muscle layer (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that increasing starter NDF levels can ameliorate the rumen fermentation environment and alleviate hyperkeratosis and plaque formation in the rumen epithelium. In summary, including 22% and 26% NDF in the pelleted starter can improve the performance of lambs.

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