scholarly journals Effect of extrusion on the rumen undegradable protein fraction of lupins

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Brand ◽  
L. Jordaan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

Lupins are highly degradable in the rumen, and do not provide enough bypass protein for high-producing ruminant animals. The effects of extrusion on dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradability of Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius were determined in situ. Samples of both types of lupin were extruded at maximum temperature, which reached 116 °C. Six Dohne Merino wethers fitted with rumen cannulas were used in this trial. Samples were incubated in the rumen at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 12, 36, and 48 hours. This procedure was repeated in two sheep per treatment and in three periods, giving a total of six observations for each variable. Extrusion lowered the soluble fraction of CP and increased the potential degradable fraction without affecting its rate of degradation. It also lowered the effective degradability of CP of both types of lupin by 28% at an outflow rate of 0.08% per hour. No differences were observed between types. Extrusion modified the ruminal degradation parameters and decreased effective rumen degradation, especially at faster outflow rates. Thus, the rumen undegradable protein (RUP) fraction of lupins was increased by extrusion and lupins could be used more efficiently in ruminant diets. This study showed that the benefits of extrusion could be reached at a relatively low temperature of 116 °C to reduce the possibility of heat damage.

scholarly journals Effect of extruding on ruminal disappearance and lower gastrointestinal tract digestion of white lupin seeds

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Kibelolaud ◽  
M. Vernay ◽  
C. Bayourthe ◽  
R. Moncoulon
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Lupin Seeds

The effect of extruding white lupin (Lupinus albus 'Lublanc') seeds (WLS) at 110, 130, 150 or 180 °C on the in vitro solubility of crude protein (CP) and in sacco rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of rumen escape CP and fiber was determined. Rumen degradation was estimated by incubating nylon bags in the rumen of cows for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Extruding WLS at 110, 130, 150 and 180 °C reduced the CP-solubility by 32.8, 47.7, 58.4 and 67.5%, respectively. The effective ruminal degradabilities of CP, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were evaluated assuming a ruminal outflow rate of 0.06 h−1. Heating WLS at 110, 130, 150 and 180 °C decreased the ruminal degradability of CP value: 89.8, 79.9, 65.1, 61.8 vs. 93.4% (raw), respectively; the corresponding values for ADF and NDF were: 38.4, 35.3, 34.2, 27.6 vs. 43.6% (raw) and 37.7, 33.1, 32.2, 26.5 vs. 39.4% (raw). Postruminal digestion was estimated using a sequence of ruminal in situ incubation for 4, 8 and 16 h, in vitro incubation in an acid-pepsin bath for 3 h and a mobile nylon bag technique distal to the abomasum. Extrusion of WLS decreased the degradability of CP, ADF and NDF in the rumen with a corresponding increase in the amounts digested in the postruminal sections; the whole-tract digestibility was generally unchanged. Therefore, the processing shifted the digestion of these components from rumen to the lower gastrointestinal tract. Key words: White lupin seed, in vitro solubility, rumen degradability, postruminal digestion, crude protein, detergent fiber

Prediction of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre concentration in residues of in situ ruminal degradation of pasture samples by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Keim ◽  
H. Charles ◽  
D. Alomar
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Animal Feedstuffs

An important constraint of in situ degradability studies is the need to analyse a high number of samples and often with insufficient amount of residue, especially after the longer incubations of high-quality forages, that impede the study of more than one nutritional component. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been established as a reliable method for predicting composition of many entities, including forages and other animal feedstuffs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of NIRS for predicting the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration in rumen incubation residues of permanent and sown temperate pastures in a vegetative stage. In situ residues (n = 236) from four swards were scanned for their visible-NIR spectra and analysed for CP and NDF. Selected equations developed by partial least-squares multivariate regression presented high coefficients of determination (CP = 0.99, NDF = 0.95) and low standard errors (CP = 4.17 g/kg, NDF = 7.91 g/kg) in cross-validation. These errors compare favourably to the average concentrations of CP and NDF (146.5 and 711.2 g/kg, respectively) and represent a low fraction of their standard deviation (CP = 38.2 g/kg, NDF = 34.4 g/kg). An external validation was not as successful, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.82 and a standard error of prediction of 14.8 and 15.2 g/kg, for CP and NDF, respectively. It is concluded that NIRS has the potential to predict CP and NDF of in situ incubation residues of leafy pastures typical of humid temperate zones, but more robust calibrations should be developed.

In vitro digestion and ruminal degradation of soybean hulls

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 166-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Ali Nikkhah ◽  
Kamran Reza-Yazdi ◽  
Hassan Mehrabani-Yeganeh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Soybean Processing

Dairy producers use soyhulls, a byproduct of soybean processing, to replace either grain or forage in diets of lactating dairy cows. In view of the nutritional and economical value of soyhulls it is anticipated that this practice will continue to increase in popularity among nutritionists and producers of ruminant animals. According to the NRC (2001), SH contain 60.3% NDF and 44.6% ADF on a DM basis. Also The CP content of SH averaged 11.8%, which is within the range of 13.9± 4.6%. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the in vitro DM and OM digestibility and in situ degradability of DM, CP and NDF contents of soybean hulls.

In situ degradability of organic matter, crude protein and cell wall of various tree forages

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kamatali ◽  
E. Teller ◽  
M. Vanbelle ◽  
G. Collignon ◽  
M. Foulon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

AbstractLeaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania sesban and Calliandra callothyrsus were harvested in Rwanda from young shoots at 8 weeks after the first cutting. They were dried, ground and incubated at the same time in polyester bags in three non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows each fitted with a ruminal cannula. The bags were removed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h after the start of incubations. The different parameters characterizing extent and rate of ruminal degradation of organic matter (OM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and crude protein (CP) were calculated. In vitro digestibility of residual protein after 24 h and 48 h incubation was also determined. Sesbania sesban had lowest cell wall contents and gave highest ruminal degradability for OM, NDF and CP. Leucaena leucocephala was degraded to a lesser extent, but its undegraded protein had a somewhat higher in vitro digestibility. In contrast, protein of Calliandra callothyrsus was poorly degraded and digested. The proportion and composition of cell wall could not explain these differences in digestion characteristics and other measurements, such as tannins, were incriminated. Increased ruminal incubation time augmented the extent of ruminal degradation and reduced in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein but did not affect the undigestible protein fraction.

Rumen degradation ratios, available protein, and structural and non-structural carbohydrates: Comparison of frost-damaged wheat with normal wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiqiang Yu and ◽  
Vern Racz
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Available N ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Degradation Ratio ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

In this study, rumen degradation ratios and characteristics of estimated structural carbohydrates (SC), non-structural carbohydrate (starch: ST), and crude protein (CP) in the frost-damaged wheat were determined in dairy cows, using Tamminga’s Rumen Degradation Ratio System. The rumen degradation ratios were compared with the optimum ratio range. Measured ruminal degradation characteristics were soluble fraction (S: ST and CP), undegradable fraction (U: SC and CP), lag time (T0: SC and CP), and rate of degradation (Kd: SC, ST, and CP) of the insoluble but degradable fraction (D: SC, ST, and CP). The results for the S, U, and D fractions and for T0 and Kd were used to calculate the subsequent parameters of the rumen degradation ratios. The overall test weight losses of the frost-damaged wheat were around 24%. The measured characteristics showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the normal and frost-damaged wheat: (1) rumen available insoluble N (EN), SC (ESC), and ST (EST) were 14 vs. 11 (P < 0.05), 133 vs. 254 (P < 0.05), and 441 vs. 326 g kg-1 DM (P < 0.05), respectively, for the normal and frost-damaged wheat; (2) rumen available soluble N (SN), SC (SSC), and ST (SST) were 3 vs. 6 (P < 0.05), 0 vs. 0, and 86 vs. 84 g kg-1 DM (P > 0.05), respectively; and (3) total rumen available N (FN), SC (FSC) and ST (FST) were 17 vs. 17 (P > 0.05), 139 vs. 254 (P < 0.05), and 527 vs. 410 g kg-1 DM (P < 0.05), respectively. Degradation ratios were calculated based on the measured characteristics. The ratio between rumen available insoluble N and carbohydrates (EN/ECHO = 18 vs. 24 g kg-1, P < 0.05) was significantly lower for the frost-damaged than for the normal wheat. The frost-damaged wheat had numerically higher rumen available soluble N/carbohydrate ratio (SN/SCHO = 89 vs. 35 g kg-1, P > 0.05) and same total rumen available N/carbohydrate ratio (FN/FCHO = 25 vs. 25 g kg-1) than the normal wheat. These results indicated that the normal and frost-damaged wheat differed in degradation characteristics; however, both exhibited a rumen fermentation ratio FN/FCHO within the optimal range (25 to 33 g N kg-1 CHO). Key words: Optimal rumen fermentation, degradation ratio, frost-damaged wheat

Effect of adding lignosulfonate and heat to canola screenings on ruminal and intestinal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk ◽  
E. Weurding ◽  
Mary Lou Swift ◽  
C. F. Wright ◽  
J. A. Shelford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Heat Treated

The effect of adding 5% calcium lignosulfonate (LSO3) and heat to canola screenings on in situ ruminal and intestinal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) disappearance in Holstein cows was investigated. Treatments consisted of untreated canola screenings, canola screenings that had been heated to 100 °C for 30 or 60 min and canola screenings that had 5% (wt wt−1) LSO3 added and were subsequently heated at 100 °C for 0, 30 or 60 min. Results indicate that treatment of canola screenings with 5% LSO3 and heated to 100 °C for 60 min was effective in reducing rumen degradation of DM and CP with a corresponding increase in disappearance in the lower gastrointestinal tract when compared to untreated and heat-treated canola screenings. Key words: Canola screenings, rumen by-pass protein, heat treatment, lignosulfonate

Factors influencing composition and ruminal degradability of barley straw

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Mathison ◽  
R. Soofi-Siawash ◽  
E. K. Okine ◽  
J. Helm ◽  
P. Juskiw
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Key Words Barley ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradability characteristics for 25 and 40 genotypes of barley straw were measured for crops grown in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Straw from semidwarf genotypes contained more crude protein and less neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than that from genotypes with medium straw length and effective ruminal degradability was 9% higher (P < 0.01). Straw from two-row genotypes contained 19% more crude protein (4.4 vs. 3.7%) and 3% less NDF (75.2 vs. 77.6%) than that from six-row genotypes and effective ruminal degradability was 6% higher (P < 0.01) when genotypes with medium-length straw only were considered. Genotypes with smooth awns had higher rates of degradation but contained less of the slowly degraded fraction than straw with rough awns when straws of medium straw length were compared (P < 0.05). Straw from hulless genotypes contained more (P = 0.006) NDF than that from covered varieties. Both ambient and soil temperature were positively related (P < 0.05) to effective ruminal degradability of straw, possibly because of associated greater leafiness when temperatures were higher and there was more light. It was concluded that it is possible to select barley genotypes that have superior straw nutritive value for ruminant animals. Key words: Barley, straw, degradability, cattle, genotype, environment

Effect of extrusion on ruminal and intestinal disappearance of amino acids in white lupin seed

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cros ◽  
R. Moncoulon ◽  
C. Bayourthe ◽  
M. Vernay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Score Test ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

The effect of extruding white lupin seed (WLS) at 120 or 150 °C on the degradability of crude protein in the rumen and the intestine of nonlactating Holstein cows was determined in situ. Nylon bags were incubated in the rumen for 16 h and then introduced into the small intestine, through a duodenal cannula, for subsequent recovery in feces. Extrusion of WLS at 120 or 150 °C decreased the degradability of crude protein in the rumen (86.9–73.6 vs. 98.4%) and increased the amount of crude protein disappearing in the intestine (11.8–25.0 vs. 0.8%). Extrusion did not alter the amino acid (AA) profile of WLS, although the AA composition of the WLS protein that escaped ruminal digestion differed markedly both quantitatively and qualitatively, from its initial composition. Extruding WLS increased intestinal disappearance of most of the AA, but variation in disappearance among AA was substantial. Thus, WLS proteins that are not degraded in the rumen differ in their potential as a source of absorbable AA in the intestine from the original source. Comparison of essential AA profiles of original sources to that of milk indicated that the sulphur AA were first-limiting in WLS, with valine, lysine and leucine being second through fourth limiting. The estimated AA chemical score (test-to-milk ratio) for original WLS was 64%. For the rumen undegraded protein fractions disappearing in the intestine, the limiting AAs in descending order were: sulphur AA, valine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine and threonine for raw WLS; sulphur AA, lysine, valine and histidine for WLS extruded at 120 °C and lysine, valine, histidine and sulphur AA for WLS treated at 150 °C. The corresponding AA chemical scores were: 63, 76 and 72%. Consequently, after extrusion, the ruminally undegraded protein of WLS that disappeared in the intestine showed a higher protein quality. Key words: Cow, lupin, seed, amino acids, extrusion, ruminal degradation, intestinal disappearance

scholarly journals Mathematical models describing disappearance of Lucerne hay in the rumen using the nylon bag technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Palangi ◽  
M. Macit ◽  
A.R. Bayat
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Degradation Data ◽  
Potential Use

It is essential to study the dynamics of rumen degradation of feeds before their potential use in formulating diets for ruminants. Various mathematical models have been developed to describe this degradation. The non-lagged exponential model (Model I), the lagged exponential model (Model II), the Gompertz model (Model III), and the generalized Mitscherlich model (Model IV) were examined using two alternative software (SAS and MATLAB) to determine their efficacy in accounting for variation in ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of lucerne hay from three cuttings. All models described DM degradability well (R2 >0.98). Only Models I and II converged when fitted to CP degradability data (R2 >0.98). It was concluded that any of these models could be used to describe the degradation of DM, whereas only Models I and II could be used to describe the degradation of CP from three cuttings of Lucerne hay. All the models that were fitted to the DM degradation data performed reasonably well, with only minor differences in goodness of fit. However, these models differed in values of the parameter estimates. Additionally, SAS failed to converge in the analyses of CP with Models III and IV, and MATLAB converged to nonsensical values with Model III. Model I might be recommended because it fitted the data well and required estimates of the fewest parameters Keywords: alfalfa hay, in situ digestion, model selection, nonlinear regression

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