EFFECT OF ALTERNATION BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW ENERGY DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING SWINE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. CHEEKE ◽  
W. H. KENNICK
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Low Energy Diet

The response of growing pigs receiving a low energy diet (LE ration) to periodic exposures to a high energy diet (HE ration) was studied. Forty-eight Berkshire × Yorkshire barrows of approximately 23 kg body weight were divided into six equal groups receiving one of the following treatments: HE control, LE control, and alternations between the LE and HE rations in cycles of 5 days LE: 1 day HE. 4 days LE: 1 day HE, 3 days LE: 1 day HE, and 2 days LE: 1 day HE. The average daily gain of the HE control was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that of the LE control. The alternated groups did not grow significantly faster than the LE control; thus, compensatory growth responses did not occur. Feed intake of the LE control was higher than that of the HE control. The alternated groups reduced their intake of the LE ration relative to the LE control, and consumed significantly greater amounts (P < 0.001) of the HE diet than did the HE controls. The pigs may have learned to anticipate their period of exposure to the HE diet, since the consumption of the HE ration as a proportion of the total feed intake tended to increase as the experiment progressed. In spite of the differences in amount and pattern of feed consumption, the calculated total energy intake was similar in all groups. The only carcass measurements significantly affected by treatment were dressing percentage and backfat thickness; the possible implications of these effects are discussed.

Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. 3. The effect of a period of feed restriction, nutrient density of the diet and sex on intake, performance and carcass characteristics

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
J. E. Duckworth ◽  
W. Holmes ◽  
A. Cuthbertson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. Over the weight range 23–50 kg live weight, pigs were fed either ad libitum or to a restricted scale. From 59 to 91 kg live weight, eight pairs of barrows and eight pairs of gilts were fed on each of two diets varying in nutrient density. The effects of feed restriction, nutrient density of the diet and sex on voluntary feed intake, performance and carcass characteristics were studied.2. Pigs which had been restricted grew more slowly and contained less fat and more lean at 50 kg live weight.3. When restricted pigs were offered feed ad libitum from 59 to 91 kg live weight they ate more and had higher daily intakes of digestible energy than pigs liberally fed in early life.4. There was evidence of compensatory growth in pigs which had received the restricted diet, but there was no significant difference in feed utilization between restricted and ad libitum pigs. It was concluded that the compensatory growth was largely the result of increased appetite.5. Pigs finally fed on a low energy diet, in comparison with those on a high energy diet, ate more feed but less digestible energy indicating that appetite was physically limited. Efficiency of conversion of digestible energy to live weight was similar on both treatments. A higher proportion of acetic acid was produced in the caecum of pigs fed the low energy diet. Pigs receiving the low energy diet had lower killing-out percentages not entirely caused by differences in the weight of the gut and its contents. The carcasses of pigs on the low energy diet were leaner than those on the high energy diet.6. Barrows consumed more digestible energy per day than gilts, required more feed and digestible energy per unit live-weight gain, had lower killing-out percentages, shorter carcasses, larger backfat measurements and smaller eye-muscle areas as estimated by A × B measurements. Barrow carcasses contained less dissected lean and more fat than gilts' carcasses.7. The results are discussed in relation to other work and it is concluded that voluntary feed intake is influenced by the nutrient density of the diet and the level of energy requirement of the pig, which may be affected by previous nutritional history.

scholarly journals Performance, Carcass Percentage, and Production Cost for Awassi Lambs Fed High Energy Diet for Short Fattening Period

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Mysaa Ata ◽  
Fatima Al-Lataifeh ◽  
Mohammad Altarawneh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Low Energy Diet ◽  
Awassi Lambs

An experiment was conducted to indicate the effect of feeding high energy diet for 45 days on male and female Awassi lambs’ performance, carcass percentage, and cost of production. A total of twenty four Awassi lambs (12 males, and 12 females) averaging 18.2±0.70 kg body weight were used. Lambs were assigned randomly to two different groups (groups A and B); each group had twelve lambs (6 males and 6 females) and fed two different diets (low energy diet and high energy diet). Feed intake, total gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio was calculated and body measurements (height and length) were recorded. Lambs were slaughtered at the end of experiment, to evaluate carcass percentage. Cost of production was calculated based on ingredients’ price at the time of the experiment. Final body weight, weight gain, and average daily gain were greater (p < 0.05); while feed conversion ratio was lower (p < 0.05) for lambs fed high energy diet than lambs fed low energy diet. Body length differences measured to be greater (p < 0.05) for male lambs fed high energy diet than other lambs. Fasted weight, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage were higher (p < 0.05) for lambs fed the high energy diet. Cost of gain was lower (p < 0.05) for lambs in group B compared to lambs in group A. Therefore, the economical efficiency in this experiment was greater for lambs fed high energy diet than lambs fed the control diet during 45 days fattening period.

Effects of breed and dietary energy content within breed on growth performance, carcass and chemical composition and beef quality in Hereford and Simmental steers

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. B. Mandell ◽  
E. A. Gullett ◽  
J. W. Wilton ◽  
O. B. Allen ◽  
R. A. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Beef Quality ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Forty-eight Hereford and 60 Simmental steers were used to evaluate breed differences as affected by dietary energy content on growth performance, carcass and chemical composition, and beef quality. Diets were based on corn silage, alfalfa haylage, whole corn, and SBM and were formulated to provide 2.52 to 2.81 Mcal kg−1 ME and 11.7 to 12.6% protein in the growing phase and 2.69 to 2.86 Mcal kg−1 ME and 9.7 to 10.4% protein in the finishing phase. Low- and high-ener-gy diets were formulated for each breed with the high-energy diet for Hereford serving as the low-energy diet for Simmental. Steers were slaughtered after attaining 8 to 10 mm backfat determined by ultrasound. Higher energy diets increased (P < 0.09) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency within both breeds. Hereford gained more rapidly (P = 0.074) and were more (P = 0.001) efficient in converting feed to gain than Simmental. High-energy diets decreased (P = 0.001) days on feed for both breeds and increased (P = 0.001) carcass weights for Simmental. Otherwise, carcass and chemical composition were generally unaffected by dietary energy content. Simmental were heavier (P = 0.001) and leaner (P = 0.001) than Hereford while marbling classification and intramuscular fat content were similar (P > 0.10) between breeds. While shear force decreased (P = 0.043) feeding the low-energy diet to Simmental, other shear and palatability attributes were unaffected by dietary energy content or breed. Altering dietary energy content for Hereford and Simmental influenced growth performance without affecting carcass and chemical composition and beef quality. Key words: Hereford, Simmental, marbling, shear, palatability, growth performance, carcass

scholarly journals Impact of sow lactation feed intake on the growth and suckling behavior of low and average birthweight pigs to 10 weeks of age

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-665
Author(s):  
Samuel J Hawe ◽  
Nigel Scollan ◽  
Alan Gordon ◽  
Elizabeth Magowan
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Foster Mother ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Sow Lactation ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Improved genetics in commercial pig production have resulted in larger litter sizes. However this has increased the prevalence of compromised pigs exhibiting inferior birthweights, weaning weights, and lifetime performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of increased sow lactation feed intake on growth of low and average birthweight piglets until 10 wk of age. Low (Low BW; &lt;1 kg) and average (Av BW; 1.3–1.7 kg) birthweight animals were reared in uniformly weighted litters comprising 14 piglets on a foster mother offered either a low (Low FA; max 7.5 kg/d) or high (High FA; max 11 kg/d) feed allowance over a 28- ± 1-d lactation. Piglet performance was monitored from birth until 10 wk of age. Sows offered a High FA consumed 42.4 kg more feed on average than those offered Low FA, resulting in a greater derived milk yield (P &lt; 0.05). Animals of Av BW remained heavier than Low BW pigs throughout the trial (P &lt; 0.05). Piglets reared by High FA sows were heavier at weeks 3, 4, 5, and 7 (P &lt; 0.05) but not week 10 (P &gt; 0.05). Growth rate of piglets relative to their birthweight was significantly greater for Low BW piglets than those of Av BW during lactation (P &lt; 0.001). Piglets reared by sows offered a High FA expressed greater relative growth preweaning (P &lt; 0.05); however, postweaning relative growth for piglets reared on sows offered a Low FA was greater (P &lt; 0.05) suggesting compensatory growth. Neither birthweight nor sow feed allowance significantly affected preweaning mortality (P &gt; 0.05). However, Low BW animals on sows with a High FA recorded half the preweaning mortality of Low BW pigs on sows with a Low FA. During week 1 of lactation, Av BW litters recorded a greater total suckling duration compared to Low BW litters (P &lt; 0.05) but there was no difference in suckling frequency (P &gt; 0.05). During week 3 of lactation, High FA litters displayed a significantly lower suckling frequency (P &lt; 0.05) yet a greater total suckling duration (P &lt; 0.001). Average daily gain was greater for Av BW pigs during weeks 4–7 (P &lt; 0.001) but no difference was recorded between weeks 7 and 10 (P &gt; 0.05). Average daily feed intake was greater for Av BW pigs throughout the nursery period (P &lt; 0.05) but feed–conversion ratio did not differ compared to Low BW pens (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion, offering sows a High FA increased weaning weight of all animals; however, birthweight was the major determinant of postweaning performance.

A GnRF vaccine (Improvac®) and porcine somatotropin (Reporcin®) have synergistic effects upon growth performance in both boars and gilts

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. McCauley ◽  
M. Watt ◽  
D. Suster ◽  
D. J. Kerton ◽  
W. T. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Daily Gain

The use of a vaccine (Improvac) directed against gonadotrophin-releasing factor (GnRF), to prevent boar taint in male pigs, is also associated with an increase in feed consumption, growth, and higher deposition of subcutaneous fat. Daily administration of porcine somatotropin (pST) consistently increases average daily gain, and feed conversion efficiency, and reduces subcutaneous fat, particularly in gilts. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of combining these treatments in boars and gilts. Forty-eight pigs (Large White × Landrace), housed individually, were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being vaccination with GnRF vaccine (at 14 and 18 weeks of age), daily injection with pST (from 18 weeks to slaughter at 22 weeks), and sex (boars and gilts). Performance was measured over the period of pST administration. Over the entire 28 days of the study, daily gain was lower for gilts than for boars (1216 v. 1410 g/day, P < 0.001), was increased by pST (1219 v. 1407 g/day, P < 0.001), but not significantly altered by vaccination against GnRF (1284 v. 1342 g/day, P = 0.15). However, GnRF vaccination increased daily gain in the second 2 weeks of the study, and overall, there were interactions such that the vaccine increased gain in all groups except boars not receiving pST. Feed intake over the study period was less for gilts than for boars (3139 v. 3407 g/day, P < 0.001), was decreased by pST (3537 v. 3009 g/day, P < 0.001), and increased by vaccination against GnRF (3139 v. 3407 g/day, P < 0.001). When averaged over the entire study, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher for gilts than for boars (2.76 v. 2.51, P = 0.013), was decreased by pST (3.05 v. 2.22, P < 0.001), but unchanged by vaccination against GnRF (2.62 v. 2.65, P = 0.70). Fat deposition was lower in gilts than in boars (335 v. 378 g/day, P = 0.037), was decreased by pST treatment ((442 v. 271 g/day, P < 0.001), and increased by vaccination against GnRF (333 v. 379 g/day, P = 0.026). In boars, fat androstenone was reduced by vaccination against GnRF (0.10 v. 2.47 μg/g, P < 0.001) and tended to be reduced by pST (1.71 v. 2.44, P = 0.10), but only vaccination against GnRF reduced skatole (0.174 v. 0.050 μg/g, P < 0.001). The combination of the treatments in all cases was at least additive, and in some cases synergistic. The concomitant vaccination against GnRF and treatment with pST affords an opportunity to increase growth rate and feed intake above control levels and above those of pigs treated with either treatment alone.

Effect of feed particle size and dietary melatonin supplementation on gastric ulcers in swine

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Ayles ◽  
R. M. Friendship ◽  
G. A. Bubenik ◽  
R. O. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Endoscopic Examination ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Experiments

Gastric ulcers may be an underrecognized problem in the swine industry. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary melatonin supplementation and particle size on prevalence and severity of ulcers in growing pigs. Sixty-four Yorkshire barrows and gilts (29.5 ± 1.0 kg) received either a finely ground (763 ± 2.18 µm) or a coarsely ground (953 ± 2.29 µm) corn–wheat diet, either with or without added melatonin (5 mg kg−1). One half of the pigs underwent endoscopic examination to assess the severity of ulcers on days 4 and 25. Growth performance and feed consumption were monitored throughout the experiment. All pigs were slaughtered on day 28, and ulcers were assessed postmortem. Endoscopy at the beginning of the experiment found that 53% of the pigs already had some degree of ulceration. Pigs fed the fine diet had greater average daily gain and average daily feed intake than pigs fed the coarse diet (P < 0.05), but particle size did not significantly affect prevalence of stomach ulcers. Melatonin supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (P < 0.04) and dry matter (P < 0.08) of the diets and decreased the prevalence of ulcers (P < 0.05) but did not significantly affect growth performance. Pigs that received melatonin had higher levels of melatonin (P < 0.01) in most gastrointestinal tissues, with highest concentrations found in the stomach (P < 0.001). Pigs that did not have ulcers had a higher concentration of melatonin in the plasma and stomach than pigs with ulcers (P < 0.05). Melatonin may be useful in decreasing ulcers. Initial ulcer condition may be a significant source of variation in growth experiments. Key words: Pigs, gastric ulcers, particle size, melatonin, gastrointestinal tract

scholarly journals Predicting Productive Performance in Grow-Finisher Pigs Using Birth and Weaning Body Weight

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Jordi Camp Montoro ◽  
Edgar Garcia Manzanilla ◽  
David Solà-Oriol ◽  
Ramon Muns ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Nutritional Strategies ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Daily Gain

This study aimed to (1) investigate the effect of birth and weaning body weight (BW) on performance indicators of grow-finisher pigs and (2) estimate birth and weaning BW cut-off values in order to identify slow growing pigs (SGP). Pigs (n = 144) were classified as SMALL (0.9 ± 0.13 kg) or BIG (1.4 ± 0.20 kg) at birth and re-classified as SMALL (5.4 ± 1.6 kg) or BIG (6.3 ± 1.91 kg) at weaning. Individual BW was recorded bi-weekly, and feed intake was recorded on a daily basis. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and days to target slaughter weight (TSW) were calculated. SMALL–SMALL pigs had lower ADG (p < 0.05) requiring 167.1 days (i.e., 14.2 extra days) to TSW (p < 0.05) compared with BIG pigs at birth and/or weaning. However, FCR was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Pigs weaned at <3.7 kg BW would likely be SGP. Pigs born at ≥1.1 kg BW or weaned at ≥6.4 kg BW are more likely to reach TSW at 22 weeks of age. The results suggest that birth BW might not be the best predictor for subsequent performance, as some small-born pigs were able to catch up with their bigger counterparts. The cut-off values identified could be used to design specific management and nutritional strategies for SGP.

Crude protein requirements of large frame cattle fed two levels of energy as weaned calves or as backgrounded yearlings

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
S. D. M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Daily Gain

Two trials were conducted to determine the crude protein (CP) requirements of large-frame (LF) cattle managed under two regimes and fed one of two energy levels. Trial 1 involved 216 recently weaned LF calves, while trial 2 involved 192 LF backgrounded yearling steers. In each trial, the cattle were fed diets formulated to one of two energy levels (11.17 and 11.88 MJ ME kg−1 DM) and one of six CP levels (11, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 19% DM basis). High-energy feeding increased (P < 0.05), average daily gain (ADG), average daily carcass gain (ADCG) and average daily fat gain (ADFG) of weaned calves but did not influence the performance of the backgrounded yearlings. Weaned calves fed 16, 17 or 19% CP had higher (P < 0.05) ADG than those fed 11%, while those fed 16% CP exhibited increased (P < 0.05) ADFG. ADG and ADCG of weaned calves and backgrounded yearlings and ADFG of weaned calves fed low-energy diets increased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing dietary CP concentration. Daily carcass lean gain of weaned calves fed low-energy diets decreased in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) as dietary CP level increased. No influence of dietary CP concentration was observed on carcass tissue gain of the backgrounded yearlings. It was concluded that energy balance of animals fed low-energy diets improved with CP supplementation and that current NAS-NRC (1984) CP requirements accurately predict performance of LF cattle. Key words: Steers, growth, carcass composition, energy, crude protein

Age, weight or total feed intake as bases for the performance testing of growing pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
D. Lister ◽  
J. D. Wood ◽  
M. S. Wolynetz
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTIn an experiment which showed that the results of a genotype comparison are influenced by the design of the test, 16 castrated male and 16 female pigs of each of Large White (LW) and Gloucester Old Spot (GOS) breeds were allocated equally among four treat- ments: WW—rationed by weight and slaughtered by weight; A A—rationed by age and slaughtered by age; AW—rationed by age and slaughtered by weight; and WF—rationed by weight and slaughtered after a common total feed intake. The experiment was designed so that performance of LW would be similar on all treatments, and the degree to which the GOS differed from the LW on each of these treatments was then evaluated. All pigs started on the experiment at 12 weeks of age, at which time mean weight of the LW was 14% greater than the mean for the GOS. The only between- breed difference that was statistically significant (P<0·05) on all treatments was weight of lean. Average daily gain and efficiency of feed conversion were significantly different between breeds only on the WW treatment. Weight of fat was significantly different on WW and AW but not on AA or WF.

scholarly journals Predicting the growth and feed intake of Boer goats in a feedlot system

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Brand ◽  
D.A. Van Der Merwe ◽  
E. Raffrenato ◽  
L.C. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Boer Goats ◽  
Low Energy Diet

This research sought to develop a mathematical model to predict the growth and feed intake of Boer goat kids destined for slaughter. Data were collected from castrated kids that were housed in individual pens and fed diets that varied in energy content (11.3, 12.0, and 12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg feed). Growth and feed intake were monitored weekly for 20 weeks, from the time that the kids weighed 22.2 ± 3.5 kg until they were slaughtered at 48.3 ± 0.8 kg. The linear equation (bodyweight = 0.202 age – 5.241 (R2 = 0.84)) was found to predict the growth of kids between 126 and 266 days old. Correlations between expressions of intake and bodyweight were evaluated, cumulative feed intake and bodyweight being most highly correlated (r = 0.93). Linear models were developed to predict cumulative feed intake from bodyweight for goats fed each diet. Regression coefficients were compared between diets, with the slope of the equation for goats on the low energy diet (6.74 ± 0.25) being greater than that of the medium (5.80 ± 0.23) and high energy diets (5.82 ± 0.23). This indicates that goats on the medium and high energy diets gained weight more efficiently than those on the low energy diet. The results from this study can be used by goat producers to predict the growth and intake of goats and determine the ideal feedlot finishing period for optimal productivity.______________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: cumulative intake, dietary energy, modelling

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