INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BLOOD METABOLITES AND AN EVALUATION OF THEIR USE AS CRITERIA OF ENERGY STATUS OF COWS IN EARLY LACTATION

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Treatment Groups

Correlation and regression coefficients were calculated for blood metabolites, milk components, energy balance and efficiency of energy utilization for a total of 120 cows. The animals were on propylene glycol and glycerol feeding experiments, and correlation coefficients were calculated for combinations of parameters with the objective of assessing the effect of additive and level of additive on the constancy of these relationships. In order to attempt an explanation of the variation in relationships between treatment groups, two groups each comprising 19 animals were chosen, based on blood ketone body levels. These groups provided a comparison between stressed (ketotic) and non-stressed (control) animals. Blood glucose was more highly correlated with acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate than with free fatty acids when calculated for treatment groups. When calculated for the two selected groups, significant correlations (P < 0.01) for glucose vs. acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids were −0.56, −0.61 and −0.28, respectively, for the ketotic group. No significant correlations (P > 0.05) were found between these parameters in the control group. The correlations between blood glucose, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate and energy balance were very low. Plasma-free fatty acid levels were more closely associated with energy balance than were the other blood metabolites. When energy balance and free fatty acid correlations were compared for ketotic and control groups, only the control group showed a significant (P < 0.01) coefficient (r = − 0.42). The correlation between mean plasma-free fatty acids and mean body weight change over the experimental period for all animals, with time and treatment effects removed, was significant (r = − 0.54, P < 0.01). The estimated free fatty acid level at zero body weight change was 0.53 μ eq per ml plasma. It is concluded that although free fatty acid levels are more sensitive than glucose as an indicator of energy status of the lactating cow, the excessive variability of this relationship during early lactation drastically limits its usefulness.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency of diet for periparturient dairy cows supplemented with free fatty acids or glucogenic additives

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 760-767
Author(s):  
Renata Klebaniuk ◽  
Grzegorz Kochman ◽  
Edyta Kowalczuk-Vasilev ◽  
Eugeniusz R. Grela ◽  
Maciej Bąkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Transition Cows

The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of two energy preparations used at fixed doses, but for different lengths of time: 1) a loose mixture of propylene glycol and sodium propionate, and 2) a granular formulation of free fatty acids produced from palm oil and palm nut, non-degradable in the rumen.. A three-factorial experiment was carried out on 5 groups of Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian cows (10 animals each) which were within the transition period. The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of two energy preparations administered at a constant dose, but over different time periods, on the animals' performance, as well as on their milk yield and composition. The following treatment groups were formed: control group C, which received a standard diet; experimental groups G1 and G2, which received a dietary additive of a glucogenic preparation; and experimental groups F1 and F2, which received a free fatty acid preparation. The diet of the transition cows was supplemented with the full dose of the additives (500g/head/day) for 2 weeks before the expected calving and 3 or 6 weeks of lactation. The present research confirmed the benefits of dietary inclusion of energy supplements for transition cows. Supplementation with both glucogenic and free fatty acid preparations reduced the negative energy balance in the cow’s organism and improved milk production and composition. The milk yield, higher by ca. 10% for the cows fed diets with energy additives (relative to the control treatment), provides evidence of a substantial beneficial effect of supplemental dietary energy on the efficiency of cow milk production. In the present study, the best basic milk composition was obtained in the cows receiving a dietary addition of the glucogenic preparation at a dose of 500g/head/day until the end of the 6th lactation week. The animals from this group also had the highest milk yield evaluated for 305 days. In order to improve the energy balance in high-yielding transition cows, it is recommended that dairy managers apply feed energy additives based on propylene glycol and sodium propionate.

Effect of insulin on free fatty acid uptake by hepatocytes in the duck

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gross ◽  
P. Mialhe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT To elucidate the hypolipacidaemic effect of insulin in ducks, its action on the uptake of free fatty acids (FFA) by duck hepatocytes was determined. At low doses (10 mu./l) insulin stimulated FFA uptake. This effect was not observed with higher doses of insulin (20, 30 and 50 mu./l). Growth hormone at physiological concentrations and corticosterone (14·4 nmol/l) decreased basal activity, probably by reducing glucose metabolism and consequently α-glycerophosphate (α-GP) supply. Insulin was able to reverse the inhibition induced by GH and corticosterone on both FFA uptake and α-GP production. These results therefore suggest that the hypolipacidaemic effect of insulin may be partly mediated by its action on hepatic FFA uptake. J. Endocr. (1984) 102, 381–386

scholarly journals Free Fatty acids receptors (FFAR2 and FFAR3) control cell proliferation by regulating cellular glucose uptake

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aziz ◽  
Saeed Al Mahri ◽  
Amal Alghamdi ◽  
Maaged AlAkiel ◽  
Monira Al Aujan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Receptors

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer is a worldwide problem which has been associated with changes in diet and lifestyle pattern. As a result of colonic fermentation of dietary fibres, short chain free fatty acids are generated which activate Free Fatty Acid Receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2 and FFAR3). FFAR2 and FFAR3 genes are abundantly expressed in colonic epithelium and play an important role in the metabolic homeostasis of colonic epithelial cells. Earlier studies point to the involvement of FFAR2 in colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods Transcriptome analysis console was used to analyse microarray data from patients and cell lines. We employed shRNA mediated down regulation of FFAR2 and FFAR3 genes which was assessed using qRT-PCR. Assays for glucose uptake and cAMP generation was done along with immunofluorescence studies. For measuring cell proliferation, we employed real time electrical impedance based assay available from xCelligence. Results Microarray data analysis of colorectal cancer patient samples showed a significant down regulation of FFAR2 gene expression. This prompted us to study the FFAR2 in colorectal cancer. Since, FFAR3 shares significant structural and functional homology with FFAR2, we knocked down both these receptors in colorectal cancer cell line HCT 116. These modified cell lines exhibited higher proliferation rate and were found to have increased glucose uptake as well as increased level of GLUT1. Since, FFAR2 and FFAR3 signal through G protein subunit (Gαi), knockdown of these receptors was associated with increased cAMP. Inhibition of PKA did not alter the growth and proliferation of these cells indicating a mechanism independent of cAMP/PKA pathway. Conclusion: Our results suggest role of FFAR2/FFAR3 genes in increased proliferation of colon cancer cells via enhanced glucose uptake and exclude the role of protein kinase A mediated cAMP signalling. Alternate pathways could be involved that would ultimately result in increased cell proliferation as a result of down regulated FFAR2/FFAR3 genes. This study paves the way to understand the mechanism of action of short chain free fatty acid receptors in colorectal cancer.

Epinephrine-insulin antagonism on free fatty acid release

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Spitzer ◽  
William T. McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Hepatic Uptake ◽  
Fatty Acid Release ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Acid Release

The effects of epinephrine or norepinephrine were studied in dogs receiving insulin plus glucose prior to and during administration of the amine. Epinephrine caused a significantly smaller elevation of free fatty acids (FFA) with than without insulin plus glucose administration. Blood sugar responses were quantitatively similar. Epinephrine increased both hepatic uptake of FFA and hepatic release of glucose; these changes were similar to the ones found previously in dogs not receiving insulin plus glucose. The action of norepinephrine on elevating plasma FFA was only slightly and not significantly affected by the administration of insulin plus glucose. When the order of drug administration was reversed, infusion of insulin plus glucose lowered plasma FFA levels and hepatic FFA uptake in animals already receiving either epinephrine or nonepinephrine.

Changes in plasma free fatty acid concentrations on passage through the dog kidney

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (5) ◽  
pp. 1095-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Hohenleitner ◽  
John J. Spitzer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Systemic Artery ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Dog Kidney ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

To measure the renal removal of free fatty acids from the plasma, simultaneous determinations of this metabolite were performed in a systemic artery and a renal vein in the anesthetized dogs. Renal plasma flow was also determined by the PAH method, and the renal uptake of free fatty acids was calculated. Concentrations of free fatty acids in renal venous plasma were usually lower than the arterial concentrations. The arteriovenous differences were statistically highly significant. The results also suggested that the degree of free fatty acid removal was proportional to the arterial concentration of this metabolite.

Free fatty acid concentration and composition in arterial blood

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Rothlin ◽  
Christine B. Rothlin ◽  
Vernon E. Wendt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Palmitic Acids

The effect of the administration of norepinephrine, glucose and insulin, pentobarbital, and Hypertensin on the arterial concentration and composition of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) has been studied in man and dog. With a rise of the FFA concentration as produced by norepinephrine, the contribution of oleic acid to the total FFA increased, while that of stearic and palmitic acids decreased. The reverse changes in the FFA composition were observed when their arterial level fell under the influence of other agents studied. The FFA composition was dependent on the FFA concentration in arterial blood, but not on the experimental condition of the subject or animal at the time of analysis. At high FFA levels, the FFA composition approached that of depot fat.

Reaction of Free Fatty Acids with Protein in Cod Muscle Frozen and Stored at −29 C after Aging in Ice

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2727-2736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Anderson ◽  
Elinor M. Ravesi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Phase Contrast Micrographs ◽  
Protein Extractability

Freezing and holding cod muscle in the frozen state favored the association process that involves protein–free fatty acid (FFA) complex formation and begins during aging in ice. Changes in protein extractability, in ultracentrifugal patterns of protein extracted, and in phase contrast micrographs of inextractable muscle fragments were followed in muscle that had been aged in ice to produce various contents of FFA and then frozen and held at −29 C. After 11 months, these changes, which took place largely during the first week of storage, were comparable with those that occur when the FFA are formed during frozen storage. The results were consistent with a reaction rate that was greater at −29 C than at temperatures a few degrees above 0 C.

scholarly journals Article Commentary: A Role for IR-β in the Free Fatty Acid Mediated Development of Hepatic Insulin Resistance?

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. BCI.S2996
Author(s):  
Samit Shah ◽  
Arthur G. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Pi3k Pathway ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Nfκb Pathway

Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, but the exact molecular mechanism by which FFAs alter glucose metabolism in the liver is still not completely understood. 1 – 4 In a recent publication, Ragheb and coworkers have examined the effect of free fatty acid (FFA) treatment on insulin signaling and insulin resistance by using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting to study the effect of high concentrations of insulin and FFAs on insulin receptor-beta (IR-β) and downstream elements in the PI3K pathway using the fructose-fed hamster model. 5 Their results clearly show that free fatty acids have an insignificant effect on IR-β and supports previous findings that FFAs lead to insulin resistance in the liver via the PKC-NFκB pathway. 2 , 3

Changes in free fatty acids during the ripening of Idiazabal cheese: influence of brining time and smoking

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana I. Nájera ◽  
Luis J. R. Barron ◽  
Yolanda Barcina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Ripening Period ◽  
Cheese Ripening

SummaryThe effect of brining time and smoking on the free fatty acid content of Idiazabal cheese during ripening was examined. The main free fatty acids considered underwent at least some increase during the first stage of ripening before day 90 and tended to level off around a constant value towards the end of the ripening period. There were significant differences in free fatty acid levels during ripening among cheeses with different brining times and between smoked and unsmoked cheeses. Brining time and smoking exerted marked effects on lipolytic activity during cheese ripening, depending upon the free fatty acid involved and ripening time. In general, brining and smoking led to increases in free fatty acid levels at the end of the ripening period; the different behaviour of butyric acid may be due to a specific lipolytic activity.

scholarly journals Relationship between plasma and muscle concentrations of ketone bodies and free fatty acids in fed, starved and alloxan-diabetic states

1973 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver E. Owen ◽  
Helene Markus ◽  
Stuart Sarshik ◽  
Maria Mozzoli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Muscle Membrane

1. Concentrations of ketone bodies, free fatty acids and chloride in fed, 24–120h-starved and alloxan-diabetic rats were determined in plasma and striated muscle. Plasma glucose concentrations were also measured in these groups of animals. 2. Intracellular metabolite concentrations were calculated by using chloride as an endogenous marker of extracellular space. 3. The mean intracellular ketone-body concentrations (±s.e.m.) were 0.17±0.02, 0.76±0.11 and 2.82±0.50μmol/ml of water in fed, 48h-starved and alloxan-diabetic rats, respectively. Mean (intracellular water concentration)/(plasma water concentration) ratios were 0.47, 0.30 and 0.32 in fed, 48h-starved and alloxan-diabetic rats respectively. The relationship between ketone-body concentrations in the plasma and intracellular compartments appeared to follow an asymptotic pattern. 4. Only intracellular 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations rose during starvation whereas concentrations of both 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were elevated in the alloxan-diabetic state. 5. During starvation plasma glucose concentrations were lowest at 48h, and increased with further starvation. 6. There was no significant difference in the muscle intracellular free fatty acid concentrations of fed, starved and alloxan-diabetic rats. Mean free fatty acid intramuscular concentrations (±s.e.m.) were 0.81±0.08, 0.98±0.21 and 0.91±0.10μmol/ml in fed, 48h-starved and alloxan-diabetic states. 7. The intracellular ketosis of starvation and the stability of free fatty acid intracellular concentrations suggests that neither muscle membrane permeability nor concentrations of free fatty acids per se are major factors in limiting ketone-body oxidation in these states.

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