THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTEIN SOLUBILITY IN BICARBONATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE IN LAMBS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763
Author(s):  
M. V. ROGERS ◽  
L. E. PHILLIP
Keyword(s):  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Protein Diets

Six crossbred wether lambs were fed six isonitrogenous (15% protein) diets according to a 6 × 4 incomplete latin square with four 24-d periods. The diets were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial and contained high moisture ear corn (HMEC), supplemented with either brewer's dried grains (BDG) or linseed meal (LSM), containing 18% and 46% soluble protein, respectively. To each of these diets, sodium (Na) was either not added or added as NaHCO3 (4% of DM) or NaCl (2.8% of DM). Voluntary intake of organic matter (OM) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with both NaHCO3 and NaCl supplementation but the response was greater with NaHCO3 than with NaCl. Nitrogen retention tended to be reduced with NaHCO3 supplementation; the reduction was greater with the BDG diet than with the LSM diet. Compared to NaHCO3, NaCl caused a smaller reduction in nitrogen (N) retention when added to the BDG supplemented diet but improved N retention when added to the LSM diet. Blood bicarbonate and base excess (BE) values increased (P < 0.01) with NaHCO3 addition, but the increment in blood bicarbonate and BE tended to be higher with the BDG than the LSM diet. It is concluded that NaHCO3 could impair nitrogen retention by elevating blood bicarbonate in ruminants not suffering acid stress. Key words: Bicarbonate, nitrogen balance, protein solubility, acid-base balance, lambs

Effect of feeding fermented, ammoniated, condensed whey permeate on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and acid-base balance in sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boukila ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
J. F. Bernier ◽  
J. Goulet ◽  
H. V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Whey Permeate ◽  
Ammonium Lactate ◽  
Base Balance

Nine DLS rumen-cannulated wethers (69 kg avg BW) were used to study the effects of dietary supplementation with two types of fermented, ammoniated, condensed whey permeate on performance, rumen physiology and acid-base status in sheep fed high-grain diets. Sheep were fed three isonitrogenous (16% CP) diets according to a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design, with three 21-d periods each. One whey permeate contained ammonium lactate (AL) while the other contained ammonium propionate (AP). Urea was used as a source of NPN in the control diet (C). Diets, offered ad libitum, contained 78% barley and 18% dehydrated alfalfa meal. Dry matter and digestible energy intakes were about 15% higher for diets AL and AP than for diet C (P < 0.05). Dry matter digestibility was not affected by the treatments, whereas organic matter and energy digestibilities tended to be higher for diet AP than for diet AL (P < 0.07). Rumen fermentation was not affected by the treatments. Over a 4-h post-feeding period, sheep fed diet C had higher plasma concentrations of lactate (P < 0.06) and acetate (P < 0.04) but lower levels of plasma propionate (P < 0.06) than sheep fed the AL and AP diets. Plasma propionate 2 h after feeding was higher in sheep fed the AL diet versus the AP diet (P < 0.01). Sheep blood was mildly alkalotic despite the fact that sheep were fed a high-grain diet. The two types of fermented, ammoniated and condensed whey permeate were found to be good sources of NPN. Key words: Whey, rumen fermentation, acid-base balance, sheep

Effects of dietary hydroxides on intake, digestion, rumen fermentation and acid-base balance in sheep fed a high-barley diet

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boukila ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
J. F. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Alfalfa Meal ◽  
Acid Base Status

Eight mature wethers fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a double 4 × 4 Latin square feeding trial to study the effect of dietary alkalis on digestive physiology of sheep fed a high-barley diet. The treatments were: C = control diet composed of 17% alfalfa meal and 83% concentrate, on as-fed basis; CA = control plus 1% Ca(OH)2; MG = control plus 0.79% Mg(OH)2; CAMG = control plus 0.5% Ca(OH)2 and 0.39% Mg(OH)2. Dry matter intake averaged 1.91, 2.54, 2.79, and 2.72% of BW for diets C, CA, MG and CAMG, respectively (P < 0.01). Digestible DM intake was also affected by the treatments and averaged 0.97, 1.26, 1.35 and 1.37 kg d−1 for C, CA, MG, and CAMG diets, respectively (P < 0.01). Apparent DM digestibility was higher in sheep fed the C diet than in those fed the other diets (P < 0.03) and it was inversely related to intake (P < 0.01). Total VFA concentration was lower in sheep fed C than in those fed the hydroxides (P < 0.01). Proportions of individual VFA were not altered by the diet except for isobutyrate which was higher in sheep fed the C diet (P < 0.01). Rumen NH3-N concentration was lower in sheep fed the hydroxide-containing diets than in animals fed the control diet (P < 0.01). Plasma urea nitrogen was lower for the C diet (P < 0.01). Plasma glucose tended to be lower for the C diet than for the other diets (P < 0.06). The control diet induced a mild form of systemic acidosis as indicated by the decrease in blood pH, HCO3− and base excess (P < 0.01). Addition of Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 to the diet, alone or in combination, improved the systemic acid-base status of sheep and was associated with increased DM intake. Key words: Hydroxides, acid-base balance, rumen fermentation, sheep

Acid-base regulation during heating and cooling in the lizard, Varanus exanthematicus

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Wood ◽  
K. Johansen ◽  
M. L. Glass ◽  
R. W. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Induced Changes

Current concepts of acid-base balance in ectothermic animals require that arterial pH vary inversely with body temperature in order to maintain a constant OH-/H+ and constant net charge on proteins. The present study evaluates acid-base regulation in Varanus exanthematicus under various regimes of heating and cooling between 15 and 38 degrees C. Arterial blood was sampled during heating and cooling at various rates, using restrained and unrestrained animals with and without face masks. Arterial pH was found to have a small temperature dependence, i.e., pH = 7.66--0.005 (T). The slope (dpH/dT = -0.005), while significantly greater than zero (P less than 0.05), is much less than that required for a constant OH-/H+ or a constant imidazole alphastat (dpH/dT congruent to 0.018). The physiological mechanism that distinguishes this species from most other ectotherms is the presence of a ventilatory response to temperature-induced changes in CO2 production and O2 uptake, i.e., VE/VO2 is constant. This results in a constant O2 extraction and arterial saturation (approx. 90%), which is adaptive to the high aerobic requirements of this species.

Effect of body temperature on ventilatory control in the alligator

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Davies ◽  
J. L. Thomas ◽  
E. N. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Alligator Mississipiensis ◽  
Induced Changes

Pulmonary ventilation and arterial blood acid-base balance were measured in six unanesthetized alligators, Alligator mississipiensis, at 15, 25, and 35 degree C. The animals exhibited pronounced ventilatory responses to hypercapnia at all temperatures studied. Arterial PCO2 increased and pH decreased with increases in body temperature during both normocapnia and hypercapnia. The fractional dissociation of imidazole (alpha Pr) remained constant with changes in body temperature during normocapnia, but increased with temperature during hypercapnia. Ventilatory sensitivity, defined as delta (VE/VO2/delta (alpha Pr), was independent of body temperature. We conclude that the control of breathing in the alligator is a physiological defense of alpha Pr and that ventilatory responses occur following nontemperature-induced changes in blood acid-base balance, which tend to return alpha Pr to a normal value.

Effects of infusing the rumen with acetic acid and nitrogenous constituents in maize silage extracts on food intake, ruminal osmolality and blood acid–base balance in sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Phillip ◽  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith ◽  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Cumulative Food Intake

SUMMARYFour experiments were conducted to determine whether the products of fermentation in maize silage could limit food intake by lambs. In all experiments the lambs were fed ad libitum adietoi dried and pelleted lucerne, but were deprived of food for 4 h on the morning of intraruminal infusion. The infusions were made according to latin-square designs and commenced after 1 h of food deprivation. In Expt 1, the infusion of 3·5 I acetic acid solutions to provide 15, 30 and 60 g acetic acid had no effect (P > 0·05) on cumulative food intake compared with water. In Expt 2 infusion of three maize silage extracts differing in their composition of nitrogenous constituents suppressed (P < 0·05) food intake relative to acetic acid alone, but there were no significant (P < 0·05) differences among the extracts. When 2·71 of an extract from a low dry matter (D.M.) maize silage were infused in Expt 3 cumulative food intake was significantly (P > 0·05) decreased compared with acetic acid, but ruminal osmolality was increased to 430 mosmol/kg and ruminal pH declined to less than 5·5. In Expt 4, 1·5 1 of the low D.M. maize silage extract, an amount actually consumed by lambs during 4 h, decreased voluntary intake by 25% compared with the control but the effect was not statistically significant. Estimates of ruminal osmolality and pH ranged between 250 and 360 mosmol/kg and between 68 and 6·2 respectively. Measures of acid-base status were not affected (P < 0·05) by the infusion of acetic acid or maize silage extract. Whether specific soluble constituents of maize silage fermentation could limit food intake by ruminants was not proven.

Investigation of the Acid-Base Balance in Mental Cases, with Special Reference to Epilepsy

1928 ◽  
Vol 74 (306) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Shera
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Blood Ammonia ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Base Balance

In the search for somatic disturbance in connection with the insane, either as a cause or as an effect of mental disorder, the acid-base balance has afforded a field of exploration from time to time. Epilepsy, in particular, has provided material for research on these lines. Bigwood (1) (1924) suggested that the epileptic seizure was preceded by an alkalosis, leading to a lowered blood-calcium content, which, in turn, induced the fit. Marrack and Thacker (2 and 3) (1926) disproved this theory, but found that a high blood-ammonia content obtained at times in epilepsy (4), but was not related to the fit. It was actually a starvation phenomenon. There has been biochemical work on other lines in epilepsy in regard to nitrogen retention (5) on the sugar content, but all with negative results.

Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini T. Reddy ◽  
Chia-Ying Wang ◽  
Khashayar Sakhaee ◽  
Linda Brinkley ◽  
Charles Y.C. Pak
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Metabolism ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

Stress in birds due to routine handling and a technique to avoid it

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. R775-R781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Le Maho ◽  
H. Karmann ◽  
D. Briot ◽  
Y. Handrich ◽  
J. P. Robin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Routine Handling ◽  
Induced Changes

The stress that might result in animals from the routine handling that most experimental studies involve, e.g., weighing, injecting, and blood sampling, is usually assumed to be minimal when the animals look quiet. However, the intensity of this stress remains largely ignored. We have developed a system that allows blood samples to be taken from freely behaving geese without entering the animal room. In these entirely undisturbed geese, the humoral indexes of stress, i.e., blood levels of catecholamines, corticosterone, and lactate, were as low or even lower than the lowest values previously reported for birds. Remarkably, the mean basal values for epinephrine and norepinephrine were 90-fold and 5-fold, respectively, below the lowest values in the literature. Stress-induced variations in pH that would have concealed detection of nutrition-induced changes in pH were eliminated. In contrast, even though the birds looked quiet during a short 5-min routine handling procedure, to which they had been accustomed for weeks, there was a dramatic increase in the level of humoral indexes of stress. These increased severalfold within only 2 min, and the return to initial values could take up to 1 h. Acid-base balance was also disrupted. Thus, in studies on animals, the absence of stress cannot be deduced from only behavioral observations. Only a system for taking blood without human interference may enable stress-free investigations.

Effect of Low-Carbohydrate High-Protein Diets on Acid-Base Balance, Stone-Forming Propensity, and Calcium Metabolism

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
Shalini T. Reddy ◽  
Chia-Ying Wang ◽  
Khashayar Sakhaee ◽  
Linda Brinkley ◽  
Charles Y. C. Pak
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Metabolism ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets
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