PREWEANING PATTERNS OF GROWTH IN THREE BREED GROUPS OF ANGE BEEF CALVES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. AHUNU ◽  
M. MAKARECHIAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
June July ◽  
The University

Preweaning weight records of 2856 spring-born calves raised at the University of Alberta cattle ranch during a 15-yr period were used in this study. Calving occurred mainly in April and May every year. Calves from three breed groups: Hereford (HE), Beef Synthetic (SY) and Beef Crossbred (XB) were weighed at birth, and in late June, July and August and at weaning in mid-October. They were classified as early, mid-season and late-born according to their birth dates. Average daily gain (ADG) between two consecutive weighings and relative growth rate (RGR) at each interval were analyzed by the least squares method and the adjusted means were plotted against the mean ages of the calves classified at 2-wk intervals to determine the pattern of changes in ADG and RGR with the increase in age of the calf. The SY calves had the highest ADG and RGR followed by the XB and HE (P < 0.05). Bull calves exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) absolute growth rate than heifer calves but the sexes were not different in RGR. Preweaning ADG reached a peak when calves were between 110 and 120 d old and declined thereafter. The decline in RGR was linear during the preweaning period. The mean growth rates of the early and mid-season calves were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the late-born calves, and early-born calves showed more consistent gain than the mid-season and late-born calves. A pronounced decline in gain was observed for mid-season and late-born calves in late summer when pasture condition deteriorated indicating that early weaning and supplementation of calves' diet at that stage might be beneficial in sustaining growth rate of the calves. Key words: Cattle (beef), preweaning growth, calf (beef)

INFLUENCE OF COW SIZE AND OTHER FACTORS ON WEIGHT GAIN OF BEEF CALVES TO 365 DAYS OF AGE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. JEFFERY ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Breeding Herd ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
The University ◽  
Daily Gain

A study involving three sets of data from the University of Alberta beef breeding herd (1966–67, 176 cows; 1967–68, 167 cows; 1968–70, 285 cows) was conducted to determine the influence of birth weight of calf (BW), postcalving weight of dam (PCW), and breed effect on calf performance to 365 days of age. The influence of preweaning on postweaning performance was also considered. Calves heavier at birth tended to excel in both preweaning and postweaning growth rate. A 1-kg increase in BW resulted in an increase of 2.86–4.42 kg in calf weight at 365 days of age. For male calves, PCW was negatively associated with calf weight at both 180 and 365 days of age for 1966–67 data; however, for 1967–68 and 1968–70 data, a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in 0.70- and 0.92-kg increases, respectively, in calf weight at 180 days, and 1.96- and 2.12-kg increases in calf weight at 365 days, respectively. For female calves, a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in 1.40-, 0.88-, and 0.29-kg increases in calf weight at 180 days of age, and 0.68-, 1.31-, and 0.31-kg increases in calf weight at 365 days of age, respectively, for the three sets of data. Breed difference explained from 22 to 43% of the variance in average daily gain of calf to weaning (ADG) but only 0.2–13.8% of the variance in postweaning average daily gain (PWADG). Male calves with higher ADG to weaning or heavier weaning weights tended to have slightly higher PWADG. A 10-kg advantage in weaning weight for male calves resulted in a 12–14-kg advantage in weight at 365 days of age.

A comparative study on the nursery culture of hatchery-reared sub-adult cupped oyster, Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino, 1932), in an earthen pond and a mangrove canal

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Premwadee Chueachat ◽  
Woraporn Tarangkoon ◽  
Suwat Tanyaros
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Nursery Culture ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adult Oyster ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
The Mean

Abstract A comparative study on the nursery culture of the spat of the tropical oyster, Crassostrea iredalei, in an earthen pond and a mangrove canal was conducted over two months. The results revealed no differences in the absolute growth rate determined by shell width between the two culture sites (P < 0.05). Sub-adult oysters cultured in the mangrove canal showed a higher absolute growth rate in shell length and a higher daily growth rate than the oysters cultured in the earthen pond (P < 0.05). The mean survival rate of sub-adult oysters cultured in the earthen pond (99.8 ± 0.2%) was significantly higher than for those cultured in the mangrove canal (66.7 ± 31.4%). Decreased density from the loss of sub-adult oyster nursery culture in the mangrove canal led to higher growth performance than in the earthen pond. However, no difference was found for the fraction of oysters larger or smaller than 5 cm for the two culture sites (P < 0.05). A significant difference was noted in the Condition Index (CI) between the two culture sites (P < 0.05). The high primary productivity in mangroves is a major supporter of higher CI in sub-adult oysters cultured in mangrove canals versus in earthen ponds. Water exchange in the earthen pond to maintain calcium and magnesium concentrations resulted in no differences in the shell compressibility of sub-adult oysters compared with those cultured in the mangrove canal.

AGE DYNAMICS OF THE LIVE WEIGHT OF YOUNG YAKS OF THE ALTAI POPULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
А.И. БАХТУШКИНА ◽  
В.Р. САИТОВ ◽  
М.М. САЛЬНИКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Daily Gain

Проведено изучение интенсивности роста молодняка яков алтайской популяции, характеризующегося энергичным ростом. Динамика роста молодняка яков изучена путем определения их живой массы в разные возрастные периоды: при рождении, в возрасте 7, 12, 18 мес. По результатам взвешиваний определен абсолютный прирост, абсолютный среднесуточный прирост живой массы, относительная скорость роста. В период от рождения до 7-месячного возраста, который совпал с летним периодом пастбищного сезона, живая масса бычков увеличилась на 131,4 кг, а телок — на 120,2 кг. Интенсивность роста составила соответственно 625,7 и 572,4 г, что свидетельствует о достаточно хорошей молочности маток. В зимний период (возраст молодняка — от 7 до 12 мес) интенсивность роста резко снизилась: живая масса бычков и телочек составила всего 161,3 и 143,7 кг, со среднесуточными приростами — 94 и 58 г соответственно. С началом вегетации пастбищных растений приросты молодняка по сравнению с зимним периодом резко увеличились. В возрасте от 12 до 18 мес они были равны: 476 г — у бычков и 439 г — у телочек. Общий прирост живой массы бычков за этот период составил 86 кг, у телочек — 79 кг. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о достаточно хорошем развитии молодняка яков алтайской популяции. The growth rate of young yaks of the Altai population, characterized by vigorous growth, was investigated. The growth dynamics of young yaks was studied by determining their live weight at different age periods – at birth and at the age of 7, 12, 18 months. According to the weighing results, the absolute gain, the absolute average daily gain in live weight, and the relative growth rate were determined. In the period from birth to 7 months of age, which coincided with the summer months of the pasture season, the live weight of bull calves increased by 131.4, and heifers — by 120.2 kg, i.e., the growth rate was 625.7 and 572.4 g, respectively, which characterizes a fairly good milk yield of cows. In the winter period (age from 7 to 12 months), the growth rate decreased sharply: the live weight of calves and calves was only 161.3 kg and 143.7 kg, with average daily gains of 94 and 58g, respectively. Subsequently, with the beginning of the growing season of pasture plants, the weight gain of young animals in comparison with the winter period increased sharply. At the age of 12 to 18 months they were equal: 476 g-for steers and 439 g-for heifers. The total increase in live weight of calves during this period was 86 kg, of heifers — 79 kg. The data obtained indicate a fairly good development of young yaks of the Altai population.

EVALUATION OF MILK VARIABLES AS MEASURES OF MILK EFFECT ON PREWEANING PERFORMANCE OF BEEF CATTLE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. JEFFERY ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Beef Herds ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The University ◽  
Relationship Of

A study with 176 (1966) and 201 (1967) cows from the University of Alberta beef herd was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a number of milk variables for explaining variance in preweaning gain of beef calves. The seven milk variables calculated over 24 hours were yield of milk, total energy, total protein and total solids, and percentages of butterfat, protein and solids-not-fat. These variables were measured for two periods, August and October, and averages for the two periods were calculated. Mean 24-hour milk yield ranged from 3.8 to 6.1 kilograms. Percentage of butterfat, protein and solids-not-fat, respectively, ranged from 4.10 to 5.77, 3.28 to 3.93, and 8.67 to 9.50. The intercorrelations among yield of milk, energy, protein and total solids were high and positive, ranging between 0.85 and 0.99. Correlations of milk yield with percent milk components were small and predominantly negative. Intercorrelations of percent milk components ranged from 0.09 to 0.55. Correlations of mean milk yield variables and average daily gain (ADG) of calf to weaning for the two periods ranged from 0.73 to 0.78. In most instances, total milk yield was equally or more highly correlated with ADG than the other milk yield variables. Correlations of percent milk components with ADG were low, and in most instances not significant. In 1966 data, little additional variation in ADG was explained by the inclusion of other milk variables over that explained by milk yield alone. In 1967, the inclusion of milk percent components accounted for from 2 to 7% of variance in ADG over milk yield alone. Average milk yield for the two periods of milking was more consistent than a single milking in explaining variance in ADG over both years. The response of ADG of calf to milk yield was essentially a linear relationship, but there were indications that the curvilinear relationship of ADG and milk yield should not be ignored in beef herds of relatively high milk production.

Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Major Teaching Hospital: Diagnoses and Indications

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C. Bland ◽  
Sharon Brintnell
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reaction ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Major Teaching Hospital ◽  
Major Teaching ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Psychotic Behavior ◽  
The University

The use of ECT over an eleven year period in the University of Alberta Hospitals is reviewed. Five percent of patients received ECT, the mean number of treatments per course was 5.2, and the most frequent type of treatment was bilateral ECT. Discharge diagnoses showed that three-quarters of the patients had affective psychoses and one-fifth were schizophrenic. All patients had had a mandatory consultation before treatment and the most frequent reasons for choosing ECT were given as: failed antidepressant treatment, previous good response to ECT, failure to respond to other treatment, uncontrollable delusions or psychotic behavior, acute suicidal risk requiring a rapid response, and adverse reaction to medication. The mandatory consultation process has worked well and has helped to clarify the situations where ECT may be used with benefit. It is hoped that this may assist those who may be responsible for defining guidelines for the use of ECT.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DATE OF WEANING ON POSTWEANING PERFORMANCE OF BULL CALVES OF THREE BREED GROUPS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-M. KUBISCH ◽  
M. MAKARECHIAN
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
The University

The effects of weaning date on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of 367 bull calves weaned 1 mo apart were compared in a 2-yr study at the University of Alberta ranch at Kinsella, Alberta. The calves belonged to three distinct breed groups. Calves were weaned either on 1 Oct. or 1 Nov., at which time they averaged 157 ± 1.5 and 189 ± 1.7 d of age, respectively. After a 4-wk postweaning adjustment period, calves in each group were fed a mixed diet containing 90% concentrate and 10% hay. During the period between the two weaning dates early-weaned calves gained more (P < 0.05) than their unweaned contemporaries, while the performance of the two groups during their respective adjustment periods was similar. The late-weaned group gained 175 g d−1 more (P < 0.05) and consumed 800 g d−1 more feed (P < 0.05) during the 140-d feedlot test while feed efficiency did not differ between the two groups. Average daily rate of gain from birth to 1 Oct. had a significant influence on feedlot gain (b = 0.42). Although late-weaned calves had a higher rate of growth during the feedlot test, their early-weaned contemporaries were 14.3 kg heavier and 7 d younger at slaughter. Significant differences in gain and carcass traits were observed between the three breed groups, but the interaction between breed group and weaning date was not significant, indicating that calves of different genetic backgrounds respond similarly to the effects of age at weaning. The results indicate that under Alberta's climatic conditions and despite lower feedlot gains, weaning calves 1 mo early is a viable alternative to the customary weaning date. Key words: Beef calves, bulls, weaning date, carcass traits

THE INFLUENCE OF ZERANOL ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF CULLED COWS AND HEIFERS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
M. MAKARECHIAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Cull Cows ◽  
Mature Group ◽  
The University

A total of 126 cows and heifers culled from the University of Alberta beef herd were used in an experiment to study the effects of zeranol, an anabolic growth stimulant. The cattle were divided into two groups: 67 aged less than 4 yr (young) and 59 aged more than 4 yr (mature); within each group, three treatment levels of zeranol were applied (0, 36 or 72 mg/head of the commercial implant Ralgro®). All cattle were fed ad libitum a high-energy diet, and after 68 days the young group were slaughtered at a commercial packing plant; after a further 7 days the mature group were slaughtered at the same plant. Nine carcasses from each treatment level within the young group were fabricated into trimmed commercial cuts at the packing plant. Growth rates among double-implanted (72 mg) cattle were similar to those among single-implanted (36 mg) cattle; in the mature group, the growth rate was also similar in the control (0 mg) cattle. In the young group, implanting zeranol (36 mg or 72 mg) gave a 7–8% (P > 0.05) increase in growth rate. Zeranol caused no detectable changes in carcass traits or cut-out yields. Key words: Zeranol, cull cows, carcass traits

scholarly journals ВЛИЯНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА И УРОВНЯ ПРОТЕИНА В РАЦИОНАХ НА ИНТЕНСИВНОСТЬ РОСТА БЫЧКОВ НА ОТКОРМЕ

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
D.G. Pogosyan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Daily Gain

В статье представлены и обобщены результаты многолетних исследований по изучению влияния качества и уровня протеина в рационах на интенсивность роста бычков. В проведённых исследованиях установлено, что улучшение качества протеина в рационах откармливаемых бычков молочных пород в разные периоды роста за счёт снижения распадаемости протеина в рубце на 2,5-6,9 способствует увеличению среднесуточного прироста живой массы молодняка на 2,5-16,4 . Увеличение уровня протеина в рационах интенсивно откармливаемых бычков голштинской и абердин-ангусской пород в возрасте от 3 до 12 месяцев в 1,5 раза за счёт повышения скармливания концентратов позволяет существенно повысить среднесуточный прирост живой массы молодняка на 47 и 30 соответственно.Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Penza State Agrarian University ,Russia, t. (8412) 62-81-51, e-mail: pogosyan.d.gpgau.ru The article presents and summarizes the results of many years of research on the influence of the quality and the level of protein in diets on the growth rate of bull-calves. The studies found that improving the quality of protein in the diets of fattening bull-calves of dairy breeds at different growth periods due to a decrease in protein disintegration in the rumen by 2.5-6.9 contributed to an increase in the average daily gain in live weight of young animals by 2.5-16.4 . An increase in the protein level in the diets of intensively fed calves of Holstein and Aberdeen Angus breeds aged from 3 to 12 months by 1.5 times due to increased feeding of concentrates significantly increased the average daily gain in live weight of young animals by 47 and 30 , respectively.

scholarly journals Efficacy of chemical castration and effects of age at castration and implant regime on growth rate, testicular measurements and testosterone levels of beef calves

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. H. Cohen ◽  
B. D. King ◽  
P. S. W. Hunter ◽  
E. D. Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Testicular Atrophy ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Chemical Castration ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Scrotal Circumference ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Daily Gain

In 1984–1985 and 1985–1986, groups of 136 and 127 male calves were used to assess the effects of multiple implants (Ralgro or Steeroid), castration time (early or late) and castration method (surgical or chemical) on testicular development and weight gain for 28 d following castration. Ralgro-implanted bull calves had smaller scrotal circumference (P < 0.001) and testicle weight (P < 0.001) than nonimplanted calves at early castration (59 ± 1 d), late castration (157 ± 1 d) and at slaughter (459 ± 3 d). Steeroid had no effect on testicle weight at early castration (40 ± 1 d) but reduced testicle weight (P < 0.001) at late castration (148 ± 1 d). Average daily gain (ADG) during the first 7 d postcastration was less for surgically castrated than chemically castrated calves or bulls following early castration (P < 0.05) but in the 7 d following late castration, bull calves grew faster than surgical castrates (P < 0.05) and surgical castrates grew faster than chemical castrates (P < 0.05). The ADG of calves implanted with Ralgro was greater than that of nonimplanted calves during the 28-d period following early and late castration (P < 0.05) but Steeroid had no effect (P > 0.05) on 28-d postcastration ADG. Chemical castration increased scrotal circumference at 7, 14 and 28 d postcastration (P < 0.001) but by day 56, testicular atrophy was complete in those calves that were successfully castrated. Chem-cast was an effective method of castration in young calves (< 90 kg liveweight), particularly those that had been implanted with Ralgro, but efficacy was reduced (P < 0.05) in older calves (> 150 kg liveweight). Key words: Castration, Chem-cast, Ralgro, Steeroid, testosterone, beef

scholarly journals The relationship between age and arachnoid depressions in humans

COMPASS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Rajitha Sivakumaran
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

The human skeletal collection housed in the Department of Anthropolog y at the University of Alberta was used to determine the relationship between age and the occurrence of arachnoid depressions on the endocranial aspect of the skull. There were significant differences between the total number of arachnoid depressions found on the vaults of juveniles, adolescents, and adults. When mean ages were compared with total number of arachnoid depressions on the vault, a significant relationship did not emerge. When age was grouped into nine-year intervals to counteract the effect of idiosyncratic variation, the mean number of depressions increased with age, as did the maximum number of arachnoid depressions. The frequency of older individuals without arachnoid depressions waslow. Older individuals were more likely to have larger and deeper arachnoid depressions. There were no sex-based differences in the expression of arachnoid depressions. There were no significant differences between archaeological, historic, and modern samples or between pathological and healthy individuals. Although this study verifies the association between arachnoid depressions and senescence, the presence of arachnoid depressions is highly variable andcannot be used reliably as an indicator of chronological age or even as a sign of senescence.

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