Response of soybean cultivars to root rot caused by Fusarium species

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
J X Zhang ◽  
A G Xue ◽  
H J Zhang ◽  
A E Nagasawa ◽  
J T Tambong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Fusarium Root Rot ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Soybean Roots

Fusarium root rot complex is a major soybean disease in Canada and the United States. Since 2006, four Fusarium species, F. oxysporum Schlechtendahl emend. Snyder & Hansen, F. graminearum Schwabe, F. avenaceum (Corda: Fr.) Sacc., and F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc., have frequently been isolated from soybean roots in eastern Ontario, Canada. The objective of the current study was to screen 57 soybean cultivars that are commercially available in Canada for resistance to these four Fusarium root rot pathogens under greenhouse conditions. Based on root rot severity and reductions in seedling emergence, plant height and root dry weight, F. avenaceum was the most pathogenic species, followed by F. graminearum. The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum on soybean cultivars was not significantly different from that of F. tricinctum, but was significantly lower than that of F. graminearum. In replicated experiments, six, nine, eleven and seven cultivars were consistently rated as the most resistant to F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. tricinctum, respectively. Cultivar Maple Amber was resistant to all four Fusarium species based on root rot severity, while cultivar Altona was resistant to F. avenaceum, F. oxysporum and F. tricinctum. Four cultivars, 9004, AC Harmony, Lanark and Maple Arrow, each showed resistance to two different Fusarium species.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max, Fusarium root rot, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Root Rot on Soybean (Glycine max) in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1316-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Díaz Arias ◽  
G. P. Munkvold ◽  
L. F. Leandro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
First Report ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Fusarium spp. are widespread soilborne pathogens that cause important soybean diseases such as damping-off, root rot, Fusarium wilt, and sudden death syndrome. At least 12 species of Fusarium, including F. proliferatum, have been associated with soybean roots, but their relative aggressiveness as root rot pathogens is not known and pathogenicity has not been established for all reported species (2). In collaboration with 12 Iowa State University extension specialists, soybean roots were arbitrarily sampled from three fields in each of 98 Iowa counties from 2007 to 2009. Ten plants were collected from each field at V2-V3 and R3-R4 growth stages (2). Typical symptoms of Fusarium root rot (2) were observed. Symptomatic and asymptomatic root pieces were superficially sterilized in 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and placed onto a Fusarium selective medium. Fusarium colonies were transferred to carnation leaf agar (CLA) and potato dextrose agar and later identified to species based on cultural and morphological characteristics. Of 1,230 Fusarium isolates identified, 50 were recognized as F. proliferatum based on morphological characteristics (3). F. proliferatum isolates produced abundant, aerial, white mycelium and a violet-to-dark purple pigmentation characteristic of Fusarium section Liseola. On CLA, microconidia were abundant, single celled, oval, and in chains on monophialides and polyphialides (3). Species identity was confirmed for two isolates by sequencing of the elongation factor (EF1-α) gene using the ef1 and ef2 primers (1). Identities of the resulting sequences (~680 bp) were confirmed by BLAST analysis and the FUSARIUM-ID database. Analysis resulted in a 99% match for five accessions of F. proliferatum (e.g., FD01389 and FD01858). To complete Koch's postulates, four F. proliferatum isolates were tested for pathogenicity on soybean in a greenhouse. Soybean seeds of cv. AG2306 were planted in cones (150 ml) in autoclaved soil infested with each isolate; Fusarium inoculum was applied by mixing an infested cornmeal/sand mix with soil prior to planting (4). Noninoculated control plants were grown in autoclaved soil amended with a sterile cornmeal/sand mix. Soil temperature was maintained at 18 ± 1°C by placing cones in water baths. The experiment was a completely randomized design with five replicates (single plant in a cone) per isolate and was repeated three times. Root rot severity (visually scored on a percentage scale), shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were assessed at the V3 soybean growth stage. All F. proliferatum isolates tested were pathogenic. Plants inoculated with these isolates were significantly different from the control plants in root rot severity (P = 0.001) and shoot (P = 0.023) and root (P = 0.013) dry weight. Infected plants showed dark brown lesions in the root system as well as decay of the entire taproot. F. proliferatum was reisolated from symptomatic root tissue of infected plants but not from similar tissues of control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. proliferatum causing root rot on soybean in the United States. References: (1) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (2) G. L. Hartman et al. Compendium of Soybean Diseases. 4th ed. The American Phytopathologic Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2006. (4) G. P. Munkvold and J. K. O'Mara. Plant Dis. 86:143, 2002.

scholarly journals First Report of Pythium irregulare on Lentils in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Paulitz ◽  
F. Dugan ◽  
W. Chen ◽  
N. J. Grünwald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight

In late June and early July 2002, stunted, chlorotic, and partially defoliated lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) were observed throughout the lentil-growing areas of eastern Washington. These symptoms were investigated in two fields near Garfield, WA and one field near Genesee, ID. Cv. Mason was more affected than cv. Brewer. Roots were dry and brittle with black discoloration in some cases. Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani were obtained from washed roots plated on water agar, but they were nonpathogenic in greenhouse testing in pasteurized field soil and peat-based growing mixes. On 21 April 2003, volunteer lentils growing in the same fields showed symptoms of root rot, and Pythium oospores were observed in the roots. Pythium spp. were isolated by using a selective medium (2). Oospores were aplerotic, intercalary, 12.6 to 21 μm long × 11.2 to 18.2 μm wide, mostly smooth, and often formed in chains. Isolates resembled P. paroecandrum Drechs. and P. irregulare Buisman on the basis of morphological characters (3), but DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region were closer to P. irregulare on the basis of a comparison with a worldwide database of Pythium sequences (C. A. Lévesque, personal communication). Isolates were deposited with the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, WA. Four hyphal-tip isolates were tested in the greenhouse with inoculum grown in autoclaved sandy loam amended with 1% ground rolled oats. Experiments were performed twice in Thatuna silt loam, first in pasteurized and then in nonpasteurized soil. Inoculum was added to the soil at 500 CFU/g, and seeds were planted on the same day. Each isolate was tested on cvs. Brewer and Mason, with five replicates per treatment. Plants were grown in 4- × 20.5-cm plastic tubes (two plants per tube) for 1 month at 16 to 22°C and supplemented with 14 h of light per day. P. irregulare was reisolated from infected roots in both experiments. Damping-off, stunting, chlorosis, and root rot were observed in the Pythium-inoculated treatments, which corresponded to symptoms observed in the field in 2002. In pasteurized soil, only one isolate reduced the whole, dry, plant weight of Brewer, but the other three isolates reduced the dry weight of Mason. All isolates reduced the root dry weight of Mason in natural soil, but only two isolates reduced the root dry weight of Brewer. To our knowledge, Pythium spp., but not P. irregulare, have been reported previously from lentils (1). P. irregulare also causes root rot on winter wheat, which is rotated with lentils, and this pathogen likely causes yield reduction in both crops. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (2) S. M. Mircetich and J. M. Kraft. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 50:151, 1973. (3) A. J. van der Plaats-Niterink. Stud. Mycol. 21:1, 1981.

scholarly journals First Report of Pythium aphanidermatum Crown and Root Rot of Industrial Hemp in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Beckerman ◽  
H. Nisonson ◽  
N. Albright ◽  
T. Creswell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Crown And Root Rot ◽  
Industrial Hemp

scholarly journals First Report of Stem Blight Caused by Calonectria colhounii (Anamorph Cylindrocladium colhounii) on Greenhouse-Grown Blueberries in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1187-1187
Author(s):  
J. J. Sadowsky ◽  
T. D. Miles ◽  
A. M. C. Schilder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Centraalbureau Voor ◽  
First Report ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Β Tubulin

Necrotic stems and leaves were observed on 2- to 4-month-old, rooted microshoot plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Liberty’ and ‘Bluecrop’, V. angustifolium Aiton ‘Putte’, and V. corymbosum × V. angustifolium ‘Polaris’) in a Michigan greenhouse in 2008 and 2009. As the disease progressed, leaves fell off and 80 to 100% of the plants died in some cases. Root rot symptoms were also observed. A fungus was isolated from stem lesions. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), cultures first appeared light tan to orange, then rusty brown and zonate with irregular margins. Chains of orange-brown chlamydospores were abundant in the medium. Macroconidiophores were penicillately branched and had a stipe extension of 220 to 275 × 2.5 μm with a narrowly clavate vesicle, 3 to 4 μm wide at the tip. Conidia were hyaline and cylindrical with rounded ends, (1-)3-septate, 48 to 73 × 5 to 7 (average 60 × 5.5) μm and were held together in parallel clusters. Perithecia were globose to subglobose, yellow, 290 to 320 μm high, and 255 to 295 μm in diameter. Ascospores were hyaline, 2- to 3-septate, guttulate, fusoid with rounded ends, slightly curved, and 30 to 88 × 5 to 7.5 (average 57 × 5.3) μm. On the basis of morphology, the fungus was identified as Calonectria colhounii Peerally (anamorph Cylindrocladium colhounii Peerally) (1,2). The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA and the β-tubulin gene were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ909028 and JF826867, respectively) and compared with existing sequences using BLASTn. The ITS sequence shared 99% maximum identity with that of Ca. colhounii CBS 293.79 (GQ280565) from Java, Indonesia, and the β-tubulin sequence shared 97% maximum identity with that of Ca. colhounii CBS 114036 (DQ190560) isolated from leaf spots on Rhododendron sp. in North Carolina. The isolate was submitted to the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in the Netherlands (CBS 129628). To confirm pathogenicity, 5 ml of a conidial suspension (1 × 105/ml) were applied as a foliar spray or soil drench to four healthy ‘Bluecrop’ plants each in 10-cm plastic pots. Two water-sprayed and two water-drenched plants served as controls. Plants were misted intermittently for 2 days after inoculation. After 7 days at 25 ± 3°C, drench-inoculated plants developed necrotic, sporulating stem lesions at the soil line, while spray-inoculated plants showed reddish brown leaf and stem lesions. At 28 days, three drench-inoculated and one spray-inoculated plant had died, while others showed stem necrosis and wilting. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Fungal colonies reisolated from surface-disinfested symptomatic stem, leaf, and root segments appeared identical to the original isolate. Cy. colhounii was reported to cause a leaf spot on blueberry plants in nurseries in China (3), while Ca. crotalariae (Loos) D.K. Bell & Sobers (= Ca. ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma) causes stem and root rot of blueberries in North Carolina (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Ca. colhounii causing a disease of blueberry in Michigan or the United States. Because of its destructive potential, this pathogen may pose a significant threat in blueberry nurseries. References: (1) P. W. Crous. Taxonomy and Pathology of Cylindrocladium (Calonectria) and Allied Genera. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2002. (2) L. Lombard et al. Stud. Mycol. 66:31, 2010. (3) Y. S. Luan et al. Plant Dis. 90:1553, 2006. (4) R. D. Milholland. Phytopathology 64:831, 1974.

scholarly journals Mycelial compatibility and aggressiveness of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from Brazil and the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucimara Junko Koga ◽  
Charles Roger Bowen ◽  
Claudia Vieira Godoy ◽  
Maria Cristina Neves de Oliveira ◽  
Glen Lee Hartman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soybean Field ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Mycelial Compatibility ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Midwest Region

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity among Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from Brazil and the USA, assess their aggressiveness variability, and verify the existence of an isolate-cultivar interaction. Isolate variability was determined by mycelial compatibility grouping (MCG), and isolate aggressiveness by cut-stem inoculations of soybean cultivars. Two experiments for MCGs and two for aggressiveness were conducted with two sets of isolates. The first set included nine isolates from the same soybean field in Brazil and nine from the Midwest region of the USA. The second set included 16 isolates from several regions of Brazil and one from the USA. In the first set, 18 isolates formed 12 different MCGs. In the second set, 81% of the isolates from Brazil grouped into a single MCG. No common MCGs were observed among isolates from Brazil and the USA. The isolates showed aggressiveness differences in the first set, but not in the second. Although aggressiveness differed in the first set, soybean cultivars and isolates did not interact significantly. Cultivar rank remained the same, regardless of the genetic diversity, aggressiveness difference, and region or country of origin of the isolate. Results from screening of soybean cultivars, performed by the cut-stem method in the USA, can be used as reference for researchers in Brazil.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium brasiliense Causing Root Rot of Dry Bean in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 2035 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
K. Oudman ◽  
H. Sang ◽  
M. I. Chilvers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
First Report

scholarly journals Field Testing Peach Rootstocks for Resistance to Armillaria Root Rot

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Beckman ◽  
P.L. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Peach Rootstocks

Armillaria root rot is the second leading cause of peach tree mortality (after peach tree short life) in the southeastern United States. Currently, there are no commercially available rootstocks for peach with proven resistance to this pathogen in the United States. Since 1983, we have been screening rootstock candidates for resistance to Armillaria utilizing naturally infected field sites. Inoculation of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], plum (P. cerasifera J.F. Ehrh., P. munsoniana F.W. Wight & Hedr., P. salicina Lindl. or P. angustifolia Marsh.) × peach and plum × plum hybrid rootstocks with infected plant tissue (such as acorns, Quercus sp.) prior to planting has provided a significantly increased infection and mortality of candidate rootstock lines in comparison with sole reliance on natural inoculum on an infested site.

scholarly journals First Report of Pythium ultimum Crown and Root Rot of Industrial Hemp in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 2045-2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Beckerman ◽  
J. Stone ◽  
G. Ruhl ◽  
T. Creswell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Report ◽  
Crown And Root Rot ◽  
Industrial Hemp

scholarly journals Use of Ground Miscanthus Straw in Container Nursery Substrates

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
James C. Locke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Foliar Nutrient

Abstract Pine bark (PB) is the primary component in nursery substrates in the United States. Availability of pine bark is decreasing and price is increasing. The objective of this research was to determine if miscanthus straw (MS) can replace all or part of the pine bark fraction in nursery container substrates. Five substrates were created that contained 15% sphagnum peatmoss, 5% municipal solid waste compost, and the remaining 80% consisted of one of the five following PB:MS ratios: 0:80, 20:60, 40:40, 60:20, and 80:0. Luna Red hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos) were grown in each substrate and evaluated for eight weeks in a greenhouse. Ground MS increased air space and decreased container capacity and bulk density as its concentration in the substrate increased. Additions of MS did not affect hibiscus chlorophyll content, and had negligible effects on hibiscus foliar nutrient levels. Increasing levels of MS caused a decrease in plant shoot dry weight, although growth reduction was most pronounced with 80% MS. Ground MS has potential to be a suitable substrate for nursery growers, however, some changes to management practices will be necessary.

scholarly journals Trichothecene Genotype of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Soybean (Glycine max) Seedling and Root Diseases in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Ellis ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Third

Fusarium graminearum is an economically important pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight of wheat, barley, and oat, and Gibberella ear and stalk rot of maize. More recently, F. graminearum was reported as a soybean seedling and root pathogen in North America (1,5), causing seed decay, damping-off, and brown to reddish-brown root rot symptoms. Type B trichothecene mycotoxins are commonly produced by F. graminearum, which can be categorized into three trichothecene genotypes; those that produce 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV). The 15-ADON genotype is dominant in populations from small grains and maize in North America (4), but the 3-ADON genotype has recently been found (4). F. graminearum was known as a pathogen of wheat and maize in North America for over a century before it was reported as a soybean pathogen. Therefore, we hypothesized that recent reports on soybean could be associated with the appearance of the 3-ADON genotype. The objective of this research was to determine the trichothecene genotype of F. graminearum isolates from soybean in the United States. Thirty-eight isolates from soybean were evaluated. Twenty-seven isolates came from a 3-year survey for Fusarium root rot from 2007 to 2009 in Iowa. Other isolates (Ahmad Fakhoury, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale) were collected from soybean seedlings during a multi-state survey in 2012, and included three isolates from Illinois, three from Indiana, and five from Nebraska. Species identification and lineage of F. graminearum were confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor gene (EF1-α) using EF-1H and EF-2T primers. A maximum likelihood analysis of the EF1-α, including voucher strains from nine lineages of F. graminearum (2), placed all 38 isolates into lineage 7, F. graminearum sensu stricto (representative GenBank accessions KJ415349 to KJ415352). To determine the trichothecene genotype of each isolate we used three multiplex PCR assays. The first two assays targeted a portion of trichothecene biosynthesis genes Tri3 and Tri12 (4), while the third assay targeted portions of the Tri3, Tri5, and Tri7 genes (3). The PCR for the first two assays was conducted as described by Ward et al. (4) using four sets of primers: 3CON, 3NA, 3D15A, and 3D3A; and 12CON, 12NF, 12-15F, and 12-3F for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively. The PCR for the third assay was conducted as described by Quarta et al. (3) using the following primers: Tri3F971, Tri3F1325, Tri3R1679, Tri7F340, Tri7R965, 3551H, and 4056H. The amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. All 38 isolates produced amplicons consistent with the 15-ADON genotype; ~610 and 670 bp for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively (4), and two amplicons of ~708 and 525 bp for the Tri3/Tri5 genes (3). Our results indicated that the dominant trichothecene genotype among isolates of F. graminearum from soybean is 15-ADON, and the introduction of 3-ADON isolates does not explain the recent host shift of F. graminearum to soybean in North America. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of trichothecene genotypes in F. graminearum populations from soybean from the United States. References: (1) K. E. Broders et al. Plant Dis. 91:1155, 2007. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 41:600, 2004. (3) A. Quarta et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 259:7, 2006. (4) T. D. Ward et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 45:473, 2008. (5) A. G. Zue et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 29:35, 2007.

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