FALL GROWTH AND COLD ACCLIMATION OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE ON SALINE SOILS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Sodium Magnesium

The effect of salt stress during the period of cold acclimation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) was studied in field trials on saline soils north of the Quill Lakes in the northeastern corner of the agricultural area of Saskatchewan. Shoot and crown dry weights and crown moisture, sodium, magnesium and sulfur contents were all strongly influenced by variables related to soil conductivity. Increased levels of soil sodium and magnesium salts were reflected by increased concentrations of sodium, magnesium and sulfur in the crown tissue. In contrast, crown calcium content decreased significantly with increased soil salinity. Soil salinity had a variable effect on cold hardiness. Although the general trend was towards reduced cold tolerance of plants with increased salt stress, reductions were not large enough to be of practical concern.

THE EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON THE COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. TYLER ◽  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

The effect of salt stress on the cold acclimation of winter wheat plants grown in nutrient solution was determined. The presence of salts reduced crown moisture content, leaf osmotic and water potential, and decreased the rate of plant cold acclimation. Plants acclimated for 30 days in solutions with conductivities of < 1.0 (control), 6.0, 12.0 and 18.0 mmhoscm had LT50 of −19, −16, −4 and −4 °C, respectively, as determined from controlled freeze tests. Salt concentration of the hydroponic media also influenced crown potassium, sulfur, magnesium, sodium and nitrogen contents.

scholarly journals Effect of Salinity Stress on Physiological Changes in Winter and Spring Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1193
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sohail Saddiq ◽  
Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Hafeez ◽  
Amir M. H. Ibrahim ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Improvement Programs

Salinity is a leading threat to crop growth throughout the world. Salt stress induces altered physiological processes and several inhibitory effects on the growth of cereals, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we determined the effects of salinity on five spring and five winter wheat genotypes seedlings. We evaluated the salt stress on root and shoot growth attributes, i.e., root length (RL), shoot length (SL), the relative growth rate of root length (RGR-RL), and shoot length (RGR-SL). The ionic content of the leaves was also measured. Physiological traits were also assessed, including stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll content index (CCI), and light-adapted leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, i.e., the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv′/Fm′) and instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence (Ft). Physiological and growth performance under salt stress (0, 100, and 200 mol/L) were explored at the seedling stage. The analysis showed that spring wheat accumulated low Na+ and high K+ in leaf blades compared with winter wheat. Among the genotypes, Sakha 8, S-24, W4909, and W4910 performed better and had improved physiological attributes (gs, Fv′/Fm′, and Ft) and seedling growth traits (RL, SL, RGR-SL, and RGR-RL), which were strongly linked with proper Na+ and K+ discrimination in leaves and the CCI in leaves. The identified genotypes could represent valuable resources for genetic improvement programs to provide a greater understanding of plant tolerance to salt stress.

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the HYDRUS-1D model for root water uptake in saline soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhi Zeng ◽  
Guoqing Lei ◽  
Yuanyuan Zha ◽  
Yuanhao Fang ◽  
Jingwei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
1D Model ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Hydrus 1D

A variance-based global sensitivity analysis (extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test, EFAST) was applied to the Feddes module of the HYDRUS-1D model, and the sensitivity indices including both main and total effects of actual root water uptake (RWUa) to seven Feddes parameters were quantified at different growth stages of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): seedling, bud, flowering and maturity. The effects of soil salinity, climate conditions, and crop root growth on parameter sensitivity were explored by analysing three precipitation frequencies and two maximum root depths across four field locations with different soil salinity levels in China’s sunflower-growing regions. Uncertainties for RWUa were evaluated at four stages with varying Feddes parameters for different field locations, precipitation frequencies and maximum root depths. We found that the water stress factor concerning ceasing root water uptake (h4), and two salt stress factors ht and Sp, indicating the salinity threshold and the slope of the curve determining the fractional decline in root water uptake per unit increase in salinity below the threshold, respectively, were three most important Feddes parameters for RWUa estimation in HYDRUS-1D. In addition, the effects of soil salinity and precipitation frequencies were stronger than maximum root depth on the order of the parameters’ impacts on RWUa. Our study suggested that h1, h2, h3h, and h3l might be determined by an economical method (e.g. literature review) in saline soils with limited observations, but it is better to calibrate wilting point (h4) and salt stress parameters (ht and Sp) based on local measurements.

DEHARDENING OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE UNDER SPRING FIELD CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Changes in cold hardiness (LT50), fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were measured on crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) taken from the field at weekly intervals in the spring of 1973 and 1974 at Saskatoon, Sask. In all trials, Frontier rye came out of the winter with superior cold hardiness and maintained a higher level of hardiness during most of the dehardening period. For cultivars of both species, rapid dehardening did not occur until the ground temperature at crown depth remained above 5 C for several days. Changes in crown moisture content tended to increase during dehardening. Over this same period crown dry weight increased for winter rye but did not show a consistent pattern of change for winter wheat. Two test sites were utilized in 1974. One site was protected by trees and the other was exposed. General patterns of dehardening were similar for these two sites, but cultivar winter field survival potentials were reflected only by LT50 ratings for the exposed test site. The influence of fall seeding date on spring dehardening was also investigated. Late-seeded wheat plots did not survive the winter in all trials. However, where there was winter survival, no differences in rate of dehardening due to seeding date were observed.

EFFECT OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES ON COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FREYMAN ◽  
W. M. HAMMAN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Freezing Test ◽  
Environment Experiment ◽  
A Minor

In a controlled environment experiment, five phenoxy herbicides were sprayed at two rates on 14-day-old winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell ’Norstar’). After 7 additional days of active growth, the plants were cold-hardened for 14 days and then subjected to a freezing test. Four of the herbicides — MCPA amine, 2,4-D ester, 2,4-DB, 2,4-D amine — significantly reduced the cold hardiness of winter wheat whereas diclofop methyl had a minor effect. The reduction in hardiness was greater at the higher rates of application than at the lower rates.

EFFECT OF A Rht GENE CONDITIONING THE SEMIDWARF CHARACTER ON WINTERHARDINESS IN WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. GILLILAND ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

In the northern part of the North American Great Plains, the level of cultivar winter-hardiness required for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is extremely high. Presently, available winter wheat cultivars with adequate winterhardiness are tall and, under favourable growing conditions, crop lodging and excessive amounts of straw can present serious production problems. Consequently, cultivars with short, stiff straw and a high harvest index would be desirable for high production areas within this region. However, semidwarf cultivars with superior winterhardiness have not yet been developed. In this study, six GA-insensitive (Rht) semidwarf parents with poor to moderate winterhardiness were crossed with three GA-sensitive (rht) tall parents possessing good winterhardiness to produce 20 different single, three-way and double crosses. These crosses were evaluated to determine if the GA-insensitive character could be combined with a high level of winterhardiness in winter wheat. Gibberellic acid (GA) sensitivity analyses of F2 seedlings established that a single GA-insensitive gene was involved in each cross. F2-derived F3 and F3-derived F4 lines were assessed for GA-sensitivity and winterhardiness levels were determined from field survival at several locations in Saskatchewan, Canada. Winter survival of homozygous GA-sensitive and GA-insensitive lines were similar in both generations. Lines with winterhardiness levels similar to those of the three tall parent cultivars were recovered in all GA-response classes. The absence of a meaningful pleiotropic effect of Rht genes on winterhardiness indicates that the reason semidwarf cultivars with superior winterhardiness levels have not been developed is due to the lack of a concentrated breeding effort to combine the two characters. A breeding strategy for the production of adapted winterhardy semidwarf winter wheat cultivars is discussed. The influence of endogenous gibberellin levels on cold hardiness in winter wheat is also considered.Key words: Cold hardiness, field survival, Triticum aestivum L, semidwarf, Gibberellic acid

INFLUENCE OF DURATION OF GROWTH, SEED SIZE, AND SEEDING DEPTH ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO HARDY WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FREYMAN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Freezing Test ◽  
Test Plants

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Kharkov 22 MC and Winalta, were grown for 14 or 28 days under controlled environment from large or small seed or from seed with about half the endosperm removed. The kernels were seeded either 1 or 5 cm deep. After a 14-day cold hardening period followed by a freezing test, plants that had grown actively for 28 days were hardier than those that had grown actively for only 14 days. Plants from large kernels were hardier than those from small kernels, which in turn were slightly hardier than those from kernels with half the endosperm removed. Deep seeding reduced cold hardiness. The treatments had a marked effect on the dry weight of crowns and a smaller effect on crown total available carbohydrate content, both of which were positively correlated with cold hardiness, whereas water content was negatively correlated with cold hardiness.

CHANGES IN COLD HARDINESS, ICE TOLERANCE AND TOTAL CARBOHYDRATES OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER VARIOUS CUTTING REGIMES

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
W. L. SEAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Cutting Regimes

Fredrick winter wheat was subjected to a number of cutting (defoliation) regimes in controlled environments and in the field in 2 yr to investigate the effects of simulated forage removal on winter survival parameters. In controlled environments, cutting at 4 wk and 8 wk reduced cold hardiness and ice tolerance markedly in plants grown for 5 days, and 14 days at warm temperatures before hardening. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNSC) in plant crowns were reduced by all regimes. In the field, the effects of single cuttings were not as large, but generally there were slight reductions in cold hardiness, ice tolerance, and crown TNSC. A slight increase in cold hardiness was associated with multiple cutting in both years but this was not normally reflected in an increase in winter survival. A reduction in ice tolerance by cutting of plants in a plot with low soil moisture was not seen on a periodically flooded plot. Cutting reduced fresh weight of plants and root number, and markedly increased crown moisture content. Overall, despite a variable effect on a number of winter survival parameters, cutting of Fredrick winter wheat appeared to be hazardous to its overwintering potential.Key words: Triticum, acclimation, encasement, clipping, grazing, defoliation

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