INFLUENCE OF SALTS IN ASSOCIATION WITH MONOCALCIUM AND DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATES ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOVEMENT OF SOIL SOLUTION

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman A. Hamilton ◽  
D. J. Lathwell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Chloride Salts

Various salts thoroughly mixed with monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) and diammonium phosphate (DP) were made to react with moist Lima silt loam soil arranged in 5-mm layers and separated by filter papers. After a reaction period of 3 weeks, soil moisture, pH, hot nitric acid-soluble phosphorus, and sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus were determined in the different layers. As compared with MCP, the more soluble salts in association with MCP enhanced soil solution movement away from the fertilizer layer, and there was considerably greater movement of soil solution from the fertilizer layer with DP compared with MCP. The movement of soil solution with DP was attendant with greater movement of phosphorus into soil layers than for MCP, with the result that phosphorus was distributed into a greater volume of soil. When calcium sulphate was associated with DP, movement of soil solution and the diffusion of phosphorus into soil layers was markedly restricted because of massive precipitation reactions. At the soil layer closest to the MCP–fertilizer layer, a pH of 2.8 units developed. These very acid conditions were in every case ameliorated when MCP was associated with different soils. No changes in the natural soil pH were occasioned by the use of DP.By sampling soil solutions with filter papers at increasing distances from a fertilizer layer containing MCP, considerable amounts of Al, Fe, Mn, and Ca were detected. When various salts were associated with MCP, the amounts of soluble constituents moved to greater distances than with pure MCP, thereby effecting a greater diffusion of potentially toxic elements into a greater volume of soil. Chloride salts were particularly effective in causing the diffusion of manganese away from the fertilizer layer. No measurable amounts of Al, Fe, or Mn were found in soil solutions when DP reacted in soil.

The Role of Dissolved CH4 in Soil Solution in the CH4 Emission from Water-Saving Irrigated Rice Fields

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 977-982
Author(s):  
Dao Xi Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil Solutions

To examine how the dissolved CH4 in soil solution would affect the CH4 emission from rice field, fluxes of CH4 emission were measured by using a manually closed static chamber-gas chromatography method, and the dissolved CH4 in soil solution was obtained through shaking soil solutions, which were extracted from different paddy soil layers by a soil solution sampler with suction and pressure. The results show that the CH4 fluxes from rice fields and the concentration of dissolved CH4 in soil solution are both reduced significantly under the water-saving irrigation as compared to the traditional flooded irrigation. Under the water-saving irrigation, naturally receding water-layer during the early stage leads to an earlier peak of CH4 flux, but dramatically reduces the concentration of dissolved CH4 in soil solution. The maximum concentration is shifted to about 20-cm depth soil layers, and the relationship between CH4 emissions and dissolved CH4 in soil solution can be estimated using an exponential function of dissolved CH4 in soil solution at the depth of about 20 cm (R2＝0.89, p4 in soil solution plays a more dominant role in CH4 emission under the water-saving irrigation than that under continuously flooded irrigation.

Influence of physicochemical properties of the soil solution on the 226Ra distribution coefficient in soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Blanco Rodríguez ◽  
F. Vera Tomé ◽  
J.C. Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sorption Process ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Bivalent Cation ◽  
Soil Solutions

Defined as the ratio between the isotope’s activity concentrations in the solid fraction of the soil and in the soil solution, the distribution coefficient (Kd) of 226Ra is an equilibrium constant that encompasses all the interface processes that comprise its sorption as a whole. However, there is a great variability in the reported measured values of radium Kd. A first classification of soils in terms of their texture reduces this variability somewhat, but the chemical environment of the soil solution is also expected to exert a significant influence on the sorption process and therefore on the Kd. In the present work, linear regressions are applied to look for relationships between the radium Kd and the physicochemical properties of the soil solution. The soil solutions were studied of three soils with different textural characteristics but taken from the same natural soil. For the soil classified as loamy coarse sand, the significant independent variables affecting Kd were the pH, conductivity, and dissolved organic matter; for the soil classified as loamy fine sand, they were the bivalent cation concentration and pH; and for the soil classified as loam, they were the conductivity and nitrate concentration.

MERCURY IN PLANTS AND RETENTION OF MERCURY BY SOILS IN RELATION TO PROPERTIES AND ADDED SULFUR

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Edible Portion ◽  
Phenylmercuric Acetate ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Surface Soil Layer

Lettuce grown in a pot test using the surface soil layer of three golf course sites contaminated with mercurial fungicides contained up to 317 ng Hg/g as compared with no more than 36 ng Hg in plants grown in corresponding deeper soil layers containing much less Hg. In another experiment with 10 crop species, addition of phenylmercuric acetate to a loam soil at the rate of 5,000 ng Hg/g increased the Hg content of several of the species slightly over that found in the controls. The highest amount found was about 440 ng Hg/g in soybean vines and potato tops. The concentration tended to be lower in the edible portion (fruit, grain or roots) than in the remainder of the plants. In an incubation experiment where phenylmercuric acetate was added to seven soils and two clay-sand mixtures at the rate of 5,000 ng Hg/g, the retention of added Hg against volatilization varied from 41% in a sandy subsoil to 97% in a peat. Addition of flowers of sulfur was effective in preventing volatilization of Hg from the soils, but not from the clay-sand mixtures. Subsequent equilibration of the Hg-treated samples in 0.01 M CaCl2 removed only a minimal amount of Hg from one soil, but removed appreciable amounts from the clay–sand mixtures.

scholarly journals Measuring of nitrogen leaching using ceramic suction cups at different locations

2001 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
István Jászberényi ◽  
Jakab Loch ◽  
Wulf Bartolomaeus ◽  
Detloff Köppen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Nitrogen Leaching ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Suction Cups

Ceramic suction cups were used for the measurement of N-concentration in soil solutions under different soil and climate conditions in both field experiments of Rostock University and Agricultural University of Debrecen (Hungary). Depending on the soil utilisation the change in the N concentration of the soil solution can be proved on both sites.The experimental field of Rostock University can be characterised by its high groundwater table. The nitrogen concentration of soil solutions in the different soil layers were determined by the trend downward of water. In the dactylis (Dactilis glomerata) experiment, the quadruple treatments involved the following: with and without N-fertiliser, with and without harvesting, respectively. In the lower soil layers, the least rising N concentrations were established in case of the treatment without N-fertiliser combined with harvesting. The nitrogen leaching calculated from the infiltrated water quantity and the nitrate N concentration increased in the following order: without N-fertiliser, with harvesting < without N-fertiliser, without harvesting < with N-fertiliser, with harvesting << with N-fertiliser, without harvesting.The field experiment site of Debrecen can be characterised by a low groundwater table. The effect of N-fertilisation on the nitrate-N concentration of soil solution in the soil layers can be stated unanimously. Permanent nitrate-N leaching cannot be established due to the water upward movement under semiarid climate conditions. Intermittently transfer of nitrate-N between the soil layers is probable in cases of remarkable precipitation.

scholarly journals Impacts des dépôts atmosphériques acides sur l'eau des sols forestiers

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (9) ◽  
pp. 363-373
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Graf Pannatier ◽  
Anne Thimonier ◽  
Maria Schmitt ◽  
Peter Waldner ◽  
Lorenz Walthert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Sulphur Deposition ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Atmospheric Acid Deposition ◽  
Study Sites

Impacts of atmospheric acid deposition on soil solutions in forests After a massive input of acidifying components on the environment in the middle of the 20th century, atmospheric acid deposition has decreased as a result of sulphur emission reduction. The continuous acid input might affect the chemistry of soils and drainage waters and accelerate soil acidification. In the framework of the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF), we examined whether acid deposition has continued to decline in the last ten years in different forest ecosystems and how the chemistry of soil water reacted to the improvement in air quality. Acid deposition decreased significantly at only three out of the nine study sites. Sulphur deposition declined at all sites, but due to the relatively low sulphur load compared to nitrogen deposition, it did not contribute to decrease acid deposition. Chemistry of soil solution remained quite constant since the beginning of the measurements about ten years ago. We did not observe any acidification of soil solution in six out of eight sites. In contrast, changes in soil solution chemistry at two sites showed a rapid acidification. At three sites, the deeper soil layer released large amount of sulphate coupled with base cations, which likely contributed to deplete the soil in nutrients. The analysis of the base saturation in 1039 soil profiles across Switzerland shows a high risk of relatively fast acidification of soil solution in almost 20% of sites.

scholarly journals Effects of repeated passages of a wheeled tractor on some physical properties of clayey loam soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Eugene Balashov ◽  
Sergio Pellegrini ◽  
Paolo Bazzoffi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Local Average

Abstract The objective of the study was to quantify the differences in soil physical indicators between inter-track (uncompacted) zone and track (compacted) zone created by four passages of a wheeled tractor (Landini Globus 70/DBKL Techno). Field studies were carried out on plots of the Vicarello experimental station, Tuscany (43° 27‘ N, 11° 30‘ E). A local average annual precipitation is 678 mm and average annual air temperature is 12.7 °C with absolute extreme values -10 °C and 40 °C. Bulk density, moisture content, water-stable aggregation, and penetration resistance were determined by conventional methods in the 0–0.40 m soil layers. The results showed that the 0.05–0.10 m soil layer, compared to the 0.20–0.25 m and 0.35–0.40 m soil layers, showed a higher degree of compaction by tractor wheels. In this soil layer, significant (at P <0.05 and <0.01) differences between the inter-track and track zone were observed for bulk density (1.18 ±0.10 g.cm−3 and 1.35 ±0.10 g.cm-3) and moisture content (24.9 ±2.3% and 27.9 ±2.3% of volume). Passages of tractor even resulted in an insignificant increase of total amounts (from 66.2 ±4.7% to 68.6 ±2.7%) and mean weight-diameters (from 2.29 ±0.30 mm to 2.40 ±0.04 mm) of water-stable aggregates. There were no significant differences in average penetration resistance of the uppermost 0–0.10 m soil layers between the inter-track (0.77 ±0.26 MPa) and track zone (0.64 ±0.12 MPa). Average soil penetration resistance was significantly (P <0.001) higher in the 0–0.40 m layer of the track zone (1.07 ±0.23 MPa) than in that of the inter-track zone (0.76 ±0.11 MPa).

Production of Alpha Plaster Modification by Pressureless Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 1100 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Marcela Fridrichová ◽  
Iveta Hájková ◽  
Karel Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Chloride Salts

The goal of researching works was production of alpha hemihydrate of calcium sulphate by pressureless dehydration method in different solution of chloride salts at same molal concentration. Production was done in innovated dehydration device and main watched parameter was influence of dehydrating solutions based on KCl, NaCl and CaCl2 on properties of produced alpha plaster.

scholarly journals Using Soil Solution Monitoring to Determine the Effects of Irrigation Management and Fertigation on Nitrogen Availability in High-density Apple Orchards

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Neilsen ◽  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
E.J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Loam Soil

Direct application of fertilizers in irrigation water (fertigation) is an efficient method of supplying nutrients to fruit trees. Information is needed on the relationship between irrigation and N inputs on N availability in order to target nutrient applications to meet plant demands. Soil solution was collected from permanently installed suction lysimeters and NO3-N concentration was measured over the growing season in three experiments: 1) comparison of sprinkler irrigation + broadcast fertilizer with weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation; 2) comparison of (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 as N sources under daily fertigation; and 3) comparisons of combinations of irrigation applied at either fixed rates or to meet evaporative demand and fertilizer (Ca(NO3)2) applied daily either at fixed rates or to maintain a given concentration in the fertigation solution in two soil types—loamy sand and silt loam. Trials are located in high density apple plantings of either `Gala' or `Empire' apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) on M.9 rootstock. Nitrate-N concentration in the soil solution measured at 30 cm deep remained higher, over more of the growing season, for weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation than for a single broadcast fertilizer application + sprinkler irrigation. With daily Ca(NO3)2 fertigation, soil solution NO3- N concentrations increased and decreased rapidly with the onset and end of fertigation respectively, remained relatively constant during the intervening period and were directly proportional to either the amount of N or the amount of irrigation water added. Daily fertigation with (NH4)2SO4 resulted in less control of NO3-N availability in the root-zone than with Ca(NO3)2, which may be problematic for precise timing of N nutrition. Except for the fixed irrigation rate applied to the loamy sand soil, soil solution NO3-N concentrations at 30 cm beneath the emitter were similar to average concentrations in the fertigating solution, for all methods of irrigation management in both soil types. Elevated NO3-N concentrations in soil solution below the root zone (75 cm deep) were detected in the loamy sand regardless of methods of N application and irrigation although there was some evidence of less leaching to this depth, under scheduled irrigation. In the silt loam soil, considerably lower concentrations of NO3-N were found beneath the root zone than at 30 cm deep for all of irrigation procedures and frequently there was insufficient water moving to 75 cm to provide sample. Tree growth in the loamy sand was less than in the silt loam soil; was limited by low application of irrigation water in 1992 and 1993; was unaffected by NO3-N concentration in the root zone, indicating that N inputs could be minimized by adding N to maintain concentrations of 75 μg·mL-1 or possibly less. Nitrogen inputs may also be reduced if fertilizer N and irrigation water could be retained within the root zone. For coarse-textured soils this will require precise additions of water and possibly soil amendments to improve water holding capacity.

scholarly journals Depth-Dependent C-N-P Stocks and Stoichiometry in Ultisols Resulting from Conversion of Secondary Forests to Plantations and Driving Forces

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Xiaogang Ding ◽  
Xiaochuan Li ◽  
Ye Qi ◽  
Zhengyong Zhao ◽  
Dongxiao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Significant Difference

Stocks and stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in ultisols are not well documented for converted forests. In this study, Ultisols were sampled in 175 plots from one type of secondary forest and four plantations of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), Eucalypt (Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.), and Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn., 1782) in Yunfu, Guangdong province, South China. Five layers of soil were sampled with a distance of 20 cm between two adjacent layers up to a depth of 100 cm. We did not find interactive effects between forest type and soil layer depth on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and storages. Storage of SOC was not different between secondary forests and Eucalypt plantations, but SOC of these two forest types were lower than that in Litchi, Masson pine, and Slash pine plantations. Soil C:P was higher in Slash pine plantations than in secondary forests. Soil CNP showed a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth. Soil TP did not show any significant difference among soil layers. Soil bulk density had a negative contribution to soil C and P stocks, and longitude and elevation were positive drivers for soil C, N, and P stocks. Overall, Litchi plantations are the only type of plantation that obtained enhanced C storage in 0–100 cm soils and diverse N concentrations among soil layers during the conversion from secondary forests to plantations over ultisols.

scholarly journals Grazing and Cultivated Grasslands Cause Different Spatial Redistributions of Soil Particles

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsheng Li ◽  
Jianying Shang ◽  
Ding Huang ◽  
Shiming Tang ◽  
Tianci Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Soil Particle ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Grazing Intensities

The distribution of soil particle sizes is closely related to soil health condition. In this study, grasslands under different grazing intensities and different cultivation ages grasslands were selected to evaluate the dynamics of soil particle size redistribution in different soil layers. When the grazing intensity increased, the percentage of 2000~150-μm soil particles in the 0–10-cm soil layer decreased; 150~53-μm soil particles remained relatively stable among the grazing intensities—approximately 28.52%~35.39%. However, the percentage of less than 53-μm soil particles increased. In cultivated grasslands, the larger sizes (>53 μm) of soil particles increased and the smaller sizes (<53 μm) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the 0–10 cm-soil layer with increasing cultivation ages. The increase in small soil particles (<53 μm) in topsoil associated with grazing intensity increased the potential risk of further degradation by wind erosion. The increase in big soil particles (>53 μm) in topsoil associated with cultivation ages decreased the soil capacity of holding water and nutrient. Therefore, to maintain the sustainability of grassland uses, grazing grasslands need to avoid heavy grazing, and cultivated grasslands need to change current cultivation practices.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document