scholarly journals Impacts des dépôts atmosphériques acides sur l'eau des sols forestiers

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (9) ◽  
pp. 363-373
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Graf Pannatier ◽  
Anne Thimonier ◽  
Maria Schmitt ◽  
Peter Waldner ◽  
Lorenz Walthert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Sulphur Deposition ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Atmospheric Acid Deposition ◽  
Study Sites

Impacts of atmospheric acid deposition on soil solutions in forests After a massive input of acidifying components on the environment in the middle of the 20th century, atmospheric acid deposition has decreased as a result of sulphur emission reduction. The continuous acid input might affect the chemistry of soils and drainage waters and accelerate soil acidification. In the framework of the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF), we examined whether acid deposition has continued to decline in the last ten years in different forest ecosystems and how the chemistry of soil water reacted to the improvement in air quality. Acid deposition decreased significantly at only three out of the nine study sites. Sulphur deposition declined at all sites, but due to the relatively low sulphur load compared to nitrogen deposition, it did not contribute to decrease acid deposition. Chemistry of soil solution remained quite constant since the beginning of the measurements about ten years ago. We did not observe any acidification of soil solution in six out of eight sites. In contrast, changes in soil solution chemistry at two sites showed a rapid acidification. At three sites, the deeper soil layer released large amount of sulphate coupled with base cations, which likely contributed to deplete the soil in nutrients. The analysis of the base saturation in 1039 soil profiles across Switzerland shows a high risk of relatively fast acidification of soil solution in almost 20% of sites.

scholarly journals Spatially resolved soil solution chemistry in a central European atmospherically polluted high-elevation catchment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Petrash ◽  
Frantisek Buzek ◽  
Martin Novak ◽  
Bohuslava Cejkova ◽  
Pavel Kram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Anions And Cations

Abstract. In order to interpret spatial patterns of soil nutrient partitioning and compare these with runoff in a temperate forest with a history of acidification-related spruce die-back, the chemistry of mineral soil solutions were collected by suction lysimeters and evaluated relative to concurrent loads of anions and cations in precipitation. Lysimeters nest were installed in the 33-ha U dvou loucek (UDL) mountain catchment at different topographic positions (hilltops, slopes and valley). Following equilibration, monthly soil solution samples were collected over a 2-year period. In the vicinity of each lysimeter nest, soil pits were excavated for constraining soil chemistry. Soil solutions were analyzed for SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and total dissolved Al concentrations and organic matter (DOC), and pH. For a P release estimation, ammonium oxalate extraction of soil samples was performed. Comparison of soil water data with other previously acidified monitored European sites indicated that environmentally relevant chemical species at UDL had concentrations similar to median concentrations observed in sites with similar bedrock lithology and vegetation cover. Cation exchange capacity (CEC ≤ 58 meq kg−1) and base saturation (BS ≤ 13 %), however, were significantly lower at UDL, documenting incomplete recovery from acidification. Spatial trends and seasonality in soil water chemistry support belowground inputs from mineral-stabilized legacy pollutants. Overall, the soil-solution data suggest the system is out of balance chemically, relative to the present loads of anions and cations in precipitation. Higher concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and base cations in runoff than in soil solutions are explained by lateral surficial leaching of pollutants and nutrients from shallow soil horizons. Nearly 30 years after peak acidification, UDL exhibited similar soil solution concentrations of SO42, Ca2+ and Mg2+ as median values at the Pan-European International Co-operative Program (ICP) Forest sites, yet NO3− concentrations were an order of magnitude higher.

scholarly journals The response of soil solution chemistry in European forests to decreasing acid deposition

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 3603-3619 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Johnson ◽  
Elisabeth Graf Pannatier ◽  
Stefano Carnicelli ◽  
Guia Cecchini ◽  
Nicholas Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
European Forests

Effect of fire intensity on solution chemistry of surface soil under a Eucalyptus pauciflora forest

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Khanna ◽  
RJ Raison
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Soluble Silica ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Heated Soil

The chemical composition of soil solutions (field percolates collected in situ and laboratory saturation extracts) was measured at three sites subjected to widely varying fire intensity in subalpine Eucalyptus paucfiora forest near Canberra. The sites were unburnt forest, areas prescribed burnt resulting in almost complete canopy scorch, and ashbeds (intensely heated soil). Saturation extracts were obtained 1, 58, 375, 745 and 1095 days after the fire, and soil percolates were collected on 17 occasions during the initial year after burning. Large quantities of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , NH+4) and anions (Cl-, SO24-) and soluble silica were mobilized by burning, especially under ashbeds. Mobilization resulted from deposition of water-soluble elements in ash, immediate effects of soil heating, and enhanced rates of mineralisation of soil organic matter indicated by high concentrations of NH+4 which persisted for more than one year in surface soils under the ashbeds. After burning Ca2+ became the dominant cation in saturation extracts of surface (0-5 cm) soils for the entire 3-year study period. In the 5-15 cm soil layer, firstly NH+4 and later K+ replaced some of the Na+ in the solution phase. Most of the Cl- deposited in ash was leached below 15 cm depth within one year and was probably accompanied by transport of K+, Mg2+, Na+ and NH+4, but very little transfer of Ca2+ occurred. Concentrations of NO-3 and phosphate were always low in saturation extracts and soil percolates, and levels were unaffected by burning, despite the presence of large amounts of exchangeable NH+4 in the soil and the deposition of significant amounts of phosphate in ash. Burning increased the concentrations of soluble silica and SO24- in saturation extracts for at least 3 years after the fire. Most of the changes in soil solution chemistry measured would increase nutrient availability to the vegetation during the initial year after burning, but these changes must be balanced against losses of organic matter and nutrients during and after fires.

Base cation availability and leaching after nitrogen fertilisation of a eucalypt plantation

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Mitchell ◽  
P. J. Smethurst
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Cation Uptake ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
N Treatment

Increasing use of nitrogen fertiliser in eucalypt plantations is affecting base cation availability via changes in concentrations in soil solution and leaching. While low base cation availability will probably limit future productivity of some eucalypt plantations, the extent and temporal patterns of availability as affected by N fertilisation were unknown. After applying urea in a fertiliser experiment in a 9-year-old Eucalyptus nitens plantation, soil solution chemistry was monitored for 13 months and maximum potential leaching estimated. The cumulative effects of earlier ammonium sulfate, urea, and superphosphate fertiliser applications had enhanced tree growth, base cation uptake, and probably leaching, but led to decreased pH and concentrations of exchangeable pools of Mg and K in surface soil (0–0.1 m). In soil solution before re-fertilisation, in the high N treatment, concentrations of K in soil solution were significantly lower, and of Ca significantly higher than the treatment that received no fertiliser. On many occasions during the 13-month period after this re-fertilisation event, increased concentrations of NH4, NO3, Ca, Mg, and K in soil solution were significant (0–0.6 m depth), and were consistently highest in the high fertiliser treatment at 0.3–0.6 m depth. We conclude that N fertilisation increased base cation availability during the study and probably for several subsequent years, but there was a risk that significant pools of N and base cations were leached off-site. Future research and modelling of base cation availability in plantations should consider these changes induced by N-fertiliser that increase availability for several years but lead to longer term decreases in availability.

Soil solution chemistry and alfalfa response to CaCO3 and MgCO3 on an acidic Gleysol

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunming Su ◽  
L. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Immiscible Displacement ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Soil Solutions

Soil acidity is a limiting factor for forage production. Liming is a common agricultural practice for acid soils, yet there is limited information on the effects of soil solution chemistry in response to liming. Soil from the Ap horizon of an Orthic Humic Gleysol was amended with 0, 2.5 or 5.0 g CaCO3 kg−1 and 2.1 or 4.2 g MgCO3 kg−1 to determine the changes due to liming in soil solution composition before planting and after three cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The soil solution samples were extracted by immiscible displacement with C2Cl4. The low equivalent rate of CaCO3 and MgCO3 decreased the concentrations of Fe from 889 to less than 22 μM, Mn from 286 to less than 6 μM, Al from 45 μM to undetectable level before plant growth. Soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Cu and NH4-N concentrations in the soil solutions extracted after the third cut of alfalfa were increased compared with those measured before planting. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Zn, Fe, Al, NO3-N, SO4 and Si were all decreased after the third cut compared with those measured before planting. Step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that the dry matter (DM) yield of the first cut was positively correlated to NO3-N and negatively correlated to Mn concentration in the soil solutions (R2 = 0.65**); whereas the DM yield of the second and third cuts and of the roots were negatively correlated with Mn concentrations (R2 = 0.75**, 0.63**, and 0.60**, respectively). The regression analysis supported visual Mn toxicity, suggesting that Mn toxicity, not Al concentration, was the main limitation to alfalfa growth in unlimed soil. Key words: Alfalfa, liming, soil solution chemistry, immiscible displacement, plant nutrition

INFLUENCE OF SALTS IN ASSOCIATION WITH MONOCALCIUM AND DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATES ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOVEMENT OF SOIL SOLUTION

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman A. Hamilton ◽  
D. J. Lathwell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Chloride Salts

Various salts thoroughly mixed with monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) and diammonium phosphate (DP) were made to react with moist Lima silt loam soil arranged in 5-mm layers and separated by filter papers. After a reaction period of 3 weeks, soil moisture, pH, hot nitric acid-soluble phosphorus, and sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus were determined in the different layers. As compared with MCP, the more soluble salts in association with MCP enhanced soil solution movement away from the fertilizer layer, and there was considerably greater movement of soil solution from the fertilizer layer with DP compared with MCP. The movement of soil solution with DP was attendant with greater movement of phosphorus into soil layers than for MCP, with the result that phosphorus was distributed into a greater volume of soil. When calcium sulphate was associated with DP, movement of soil solution and the diffusion of phosphorus into soil layers was markedly restricted because of massive precipitation reactions. At the soil layer closest to the MCP–fertilizer layer, a pH of 2.8 units developed. These very acid conditions were in every case ameliorated when MCP was associated with different soils. No changes in the natural soil pH were occasioned by the use of DP.By sampling soil solutions with filter papers at increasing distances from a fertilizer layer containing MCP, considerable amounts of Al, Fe, Mn, and Ca were detected. When various salts were associated with MCP, the amounts of soluble constituents moved to greater distances than with pure MCP, thereby effecting a greater diffusion of potentially toxic elements into a greater volume of soil. Chloride salts were particularly effective in causing the diffusion of manganese away from the fertilizer layer. No measurable amounts of Al, Fe, or Mn were found in soil solutions when DP reacted in soil.

Soil and soil solution chemistry of a New Zealand pasture soil amended with heavy metal-containing sewage sludge

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Percival
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Free Metal ◽  
Soil Metal

The disposal of wastewater treatment sewage sludge onto agricultural land in New Zealand has led to the development of guidelines for the upper limit concentrations for total heavy metals in the underlying soil. However, those soil biological and biochemical processes now known to be most sensitive to environmental change are being used internationally to set new soil limits. The soil solution chemistry of a pasture soil amended with heavy metals has been used to assess the bioavailability of several important heavy metals. Field trial plots were treated with both spiked (Cu, Ni, or Zn) and unspiked sewage sludge to raise total soil metal concentrations, both above and below the current New Zealand guideline values. Soils were sampled pre-amendment in 1997 and post-amendment in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifugation and analysed for pH, for concentrations of heavy metals, major cations and anions, and dissolved organic carbon. Heavy metal speciation was calculated with the GEOCHEM-PC model.Soil solution concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn increased with increasing levels of metal in the spiked sludge, reflecting increases in total soil metal concentrations. Cu concentrations changed little with time, but those of Ni and Zn tended to decrease. Cu was much more adsorbed by the soil than was Ni or Zn. The free metal ions, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ (representing the most 'bioavailable' fraction), were the dominant metal species in the soil solutions. Variations in free metal ion percentages with metal-spiking level depended on the balance between organic and sulfate complexation for Cu, but on sulfate complexation alone for Ni and Zn. Cu and Ni free metal-ion activities in soil solution were relatively low even at the highest metal loadings in the soil, but may be high enough to cause toxicity problems. Zn activities were very much higher, and at the regulatory limit for zinc likely to affect sensitive biological and biochemical properties of the soil.

Distribution des cations basiques et de l'aluminium dans la solution de sol de l'horizon humifère d'une érablière fertilisée: représentativité des extraits de sol saturé à l'eau

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Marquis ◽  
Claude Camiré ◽  
Marius Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Aluminum Distribution ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Equilibrium Ratio

Soil solution analysis may provide useful information on nutrition status and Al toxicity in soil. Nevertheless, obtaining soil solutions in low-moisture soils causes a problem. Saturated extracts may act as an alternative for getting information on soil solution. Their effectiveness in assessing representative base cations and aluminum distribution in soil solution was demonstrated in this study. Saturated extracts, which were obtained from air drying and fresh soil, were compared with the "true" soil solution for base distribution and base/Al ratio. Molar fraction and equilibrium ratio in the "true" soil solution depended on soil moisture before extraction. Nevertheless, they were less affected by this approach than intrinsic concentrations. The results showed that molar fraction and equilibrium ratio in soil solution can be predicted from the molar fraction or equilibrium ratio in saturated extracts and soil moisture information, however, saturated extracts obtained from fresh soil were better models. Base/Al ratios in saturated extracts were closely dependent on pH extracts but they were not well linked with the same ratio in soil solution. Key words: Soil solution, molar fraction, equilibrium ratio, soil acidity, sugar maple, Acer saccharum

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