EFFECTS OF SUBSOIL BULK DENSITY, NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND SOIL MOISTURE ON CORN ROOT GROWTH IN THE FIELD

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. STYPA ◽  
A. NUNEZ-BARRIOS ◽  
D. A. BARRY ◽  
M. H. MILLER ◽  
W. A. MITCHELL

In a 4-yr study, root growth in the upper 50 cm of a silt loam soil (Gleyed Melanic Brunisol) was equal to or greater than that in a low-density artificial medium (soil:peat:perlite) in spite of a high bulk density in the soil (1.5 Mg m−3 in the 15-to 45-cm depth). We suggest that, due to the natural structure of the Bm horizon, the resistance to root growth is much less than would be expected from bulk density or penetrometer resistance measurements. Marked increases in P and K fertility in the surface soil had only minor effects on either the total length or distribution of roots although the shoot growth was markedly increased. Neither total root length nor root distribution were altered by irrigation during 1981, the only year a moisture variable was included. During a 2-wk dry period in July, prior to anthesis, soil water potential on the nonirrigated plots decreased to −1.5 MPa in the upper 15 cm and to −0.5 MPa in the 15- to 30-cm layer. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and rate of growth during the period were lower on the nonirrigated treatment although final dry matter production was not. The results indicate that corn root growth and distribution in the field are not as sensitive to environmental factors as one would expect from short-term laboratory studies. Key words: Corn, root growth, soil bulk density, fertility, soil water

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1392-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Simmons ◽  
P. E. Pope

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of soil water potential and endomycorrhizal fungi on root growth of yellow-poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) and sweet gum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) seedlings grown at three soil bulk densities. Silt loam soil was compacted in PVC pots to bulk densities of 1.25 (low), 1.40 (medium), or 1.55 (high) Mg • m−3, and equilibrated at −10 kPa soil water potential. Newly germinated seedlings were transplanted into the pots, inoculated with fungal chlamydospores of Glomusmacrocarpum or Glomusfasciculaturn, or distilled water (control), and grown for 3 months at −10 or −300 kPa soil water potential. Total porosity, air-filled porosity, water content, and mechanical resistance of the soil were determined for samples compacted to the same bulk densities and equilibrated at the same soil water potentials as were used in the greenhouse study. Root growth was reduced by the high mechanical resistance caused by bulk densities of 1.40 and 1.55 Mg • m−3 at −300 kPa water potential. At both water potentials, total length of lateral roots and fibrosity of the root system of both tree species decreased significantly when bulk density increased from 1.40 to 1.55 Mg • m−3. Air-filled porosity less than 0.12 m3 • m−3 limited root growth when water potential was −10 kPa, and mechanical resistance greater than 3438 kPa restricted growth at −300 kPa. At −10 kPa, root length and fibrosity were greatest for inoculated sweet gum seedlings at each bulk density. At −300 kPa, sweet gum seedlings inoculated with G. fasciculatum had the greatest root length and fibrosity at the low and medium bulk densities. Mycorrhizal effects on root length of yellow-poplar were variable, and fibrosity was not significantly affected by mycorrhizal treatment.


1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Phillips ◽  
SJ Riha

A split-root experiment was conducted using Eucalyptus viminalis seedlings which were exposed to three watering regimes in order to investigate root growth and soil water extraction under conditions of a drying soil profile. Seedlings were grown in columns in which the soil was divided horizontally with a soft wax plate. Watering treatments were composed of (1) both upper and lower sections of the column well watered (W/W), (2) only the lower section well watered (D/W), and (3) water withheld completely from both upper and lower sections (D/D). Daily measurements included soil water potential (Ψs), column water loss and leaf elongation. Increase in above- and below-ground biomass was deter- mined from initial and final harvests after 25 days of treatment. Whole-column water loss and leaf extension were depressed as Ψs in the upper section of D/W and D/D decreased to -0.4 MPa over the first 8-10 days. However, water loss did not decrease significantly in the lower section of treatment D/W relative to the lower section of treatment W/W during this period. This indicated that water extraction by roots remaining in wet soil was not severely inhibited by the decrease in transpiration associated with the soil conditions in the upper profile. Root distribution at the end of the experiment indicated significant growth in the lower section of treatment D/W. There was evidence that hydraulic lifting of water between column sections may have occurred, as periodic increases in soil water potential of the unwatered upper section of D/W were observed.


1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. YANG ◽  
E. DE JONG

Water uptake patterns of wheat plants were studied in a growth chamber by using two soils packed to three different bulk densities. The resistances to water movement in the soil and in the plant were calculated from the mathematical model for water uptake published in the literature. When the capillary potential of the soils was near −⅓ bar, withdrawal of water by plants was relatively small and most of the water was taken from the top 25 cm of the soil column. As soil water potential decreased, water uptake increased progressively toward the lower part of the soil column. The resistance to water movement in the plant increased from the top to the bottom of the root system and increased with increasing bulk density of the soils. For wet soils, unrealistic values were obtained which could be due to the fact that the interaction between aeration and moisture uptake is not taken into account in the theoretical equations for moisture uptake.


HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Baumann ◽  
Beth Ann Workmaster ◽  
Kevin R. Kosola

Wisconsin cranberry growers report that fruit production by the cranberry cultivar `Ben Lear' (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is low in beds with poor drainage, while the cultivar `Stevens' is less sensitive to these conditions. We hypothesized that `Ben Lear' and `Stevens' would differ in their root growth and mortality response to variation in soil water potential. Rooted cuttings of each cultivar were grown in a green-house in sand-filled pots with three different soil water potentials which were regulated by a hanging water column below a fritted ceramic plate. A minirhizotron camera was used to record root growth and mortality weekly for five weeks. Root mortality was negligible (2% to 6%). Whole plant relative growth rates were greatest for both cultivars under the wettest conditions. Rooting depth was shallowest under the wettest conditions. Whole-plant relative growth rates of `Ben Lear' were higher than `Stevens' at all soil water potentials. `Stevens' plants had significantly higher root to shoot ratios and lower leaf area ratios than `Ben Lear' plants, and produced more total root length than `Ben Lear' at all soil water potentials. Shallow rooting, high leaf area ratio, and low allocation to root production by `Ben Lear' plants may lead to greater susceptibility to drought stress than `Stevens' plants in poorly drained cranberry beds.


1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. MIRREH ◽  
J. W. KETCHESON

Cylinders of a clay loam soil were adjusted to different bulk density and matric pressure combinations to study soil resistance to a penetrating probe. Regression analysis of the penetrometer data produced no evidence to reject a regression model of the form Y = β0X0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X12 + β4X22 + β5X1X2 (where Y = penetrometer resistance, X1 = bulk density, X2 = matric pressure). A three-dimensional plot of the generated soil resistance values was constructed to illustrate the nature of the interaction. At any one bulk density in the range 1.0–1.5 g/cc, soil resistance values tended to pass through a maximum as soil moisture was removed over the matric pressure range 1.0–8.0 atm. The tendency was most pronounced at the lower bulk densities. Implications on root growth and soil management are briefly discussed.


1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-278
Author(s):  
D. T. MORRIS ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD

Corn plants were grown in growth rooms at 1.2 and 1.4 g cm−3 soil bulk density. Leaf water potentials (LWP) of paired plants of similar leaf area were monitored during 3-day drying cycles. With denser soil, LWP declined more rapidly during light, and increased more slowly during dark intervals because of restricted root growth.


Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Duruoha ◽  
Cassio Roberto Piffer ◽  
Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva

ROOT VOLUME AND DRY MATTER OF PEANUT PLANTS AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL BULK DENSITY AND SOIL WATER STRESS.  Charles Duruoha1; Cassio Roberto Piffer2; Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva21United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL - U.S.A., [email protected] de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo  1 ABSTRACT Soil compaction may be defined as the pressing of soil to make it denser. Soil compaction makes the soil denser, decreases permeability of gas and water exchange as well as alterations in thermal relations, and increases mechanical strength of the soil. Compacted soil can restrict normal root development. Simulations of the root restricting layers in a greenhouse are necessary to develop a mechanism to alleviate soil compaction problems in these soils. The selection of three distinct bulk densities based on the standard proctor test is also an important factor to determine which bulk density restricts the root layer. This experiment aimed to assess peanut (Arachis hypogea) root volume and root dry matter as a function of bulk density and water stress. Three levels of soil density (1.2, 1.4, and 1.6g cm-3), and two levels of the soil water content (70 and 90% of field capacity) were used. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized design, with four replications in a 3x2 factorial scheme. The result showed that peanut yield generally responded favorably to subsurface compaction in the presence of high mechanical impedance. This clearly indicates the ability of this root to penetrate the hardpan with less stress. Root volume was not affected by increase in soil bulk density and this mechanical impedance increased root volume when roots penetrated the barrier with less energy. Root growth below the compacted layer (hardpan), was impaired by the imposed barrier. This stress made it impossible for roots to grow well even in the presence of optimum soil water content. Generally soil water content of 70% field capacity (P<0.0001) enhanced greater root proliferation. Nonetheless, soil water content of 90% field capacity in some occasions proved better for root growth. Some of the discrepancies observed were that mechanical impedance is not a good indicator for measuring root growth restriction in greenhouse. Future research can be done using more levels of water to determine the lowest soil water level, which can inhibit plant growth. KEY WORDS: Soil compaction; water stress; soil bunk; root volume; root growth  DURUOHA, C.; PIFFER, C. R.; SILVA, P. R. A. MATÉRIA SECA E VOLUME DE RAÍZES DE PLANTAS DE AMENDOIMEM FUNÇÃO DADENSIDADEE DO DÉFICIT DE ÁGUA DO SOLO.  2 RESUMO O conceito de compactação do solo não inclui apenas a redução do solo, mas também no resultante decréscimo em permeabilidade para trocas gasosas e água, assim como alterações em relação térmica e aumento na resistência mecânica do solo.  Um solo compactado pode restringir o desenvolvimento radicular normal da planta. Simulações de camadas de restrição de raízes em casa de vegetação são necessárias para desenvolver mecanismos que reduzam problemas de compactação dos solos. A seleção de três diferentes densidades de solo, baseadas no ensaio de Proctor, é também um fator importante para determinar qual densidade restringe a penetração da raiz. O presente trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o volume e matéria seca radicular em função da densidade do solo e da disponibilidade hídrica em amendoim (Arachis hypogea). Foram utilizados três níveis de densidade do solo (1,2; 1,4 e1,6 gcm-3) e dois níveis de teor de água no solo (70 e 90% da capacidade de campo). Os tratamentos foram inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições em arranjo fatorial (3 x 2). Os resultados sugerem que a produção de amendoim geralmente responde favoravelmente à compactação subsuperficial, na presença de impedância mecânica elevada. Este resultado claramente indica a habilidade da raiz em penetrar na camada de impedimento com menor densidade. O volume radicular não foi afetado pelo aumento da densidade do solo e esta impedância mecânica aumentou o volume radicular quando as raízes penetraram em barreiras com menor compactação. O crescimento radicular abaixo da camada compactada foi afetado pela barreira imposta. Esta compactação impossibilitou que as raízes crescessem mesmo na presença de teor de água ótimo. O teor de água de 70 % da capacidade de campo (P<0,0001) proporcionou maior proliferação radicular. Foi observado que a impedância mecânica não é um bom indicador para a avaliação da restrição de crescimento radicular no trabalho em casa de vegetação. UNITERMOS: compactação do solo, capacidade de campo e crescimento radicular.


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