INFLUENCE OF SOIL BULK DENSITY AND MATRIC PRESSURE ON SOIL RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. MIRREH ◽  
J. W. KETCHESON
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

Cylinders of a clay loam soil were adjusted to different bulk density and matric pressure combinations to study soil resistance to a penetrating probe. Regression analysis of the penetrometer data produced no evidence to reject a regression model of the form Y = β0X0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X12 + β4X22 + β5X1X2 (where Y = penetrometer resistance, X1 = bulk density, X2 = matric pressure). A three-dimensional plot of the generated soil resistance values was constructed to illustrate the nature of the interaction. At any one bulk density in the range 1.0–1.5 g/cc, soil resistance values tended to pass through a maximum as soil moisture was removed over the matric pressure range 1.0–8.0 atm. The tendency was most pronounced at the lower bulk densities. Implications on root growth and soil management are briefly discussed.

The effects of subsoil loosening and deep incorporation of nutrients on yield of broad beans, cabbage, leck, potatoes and red beet

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Plant Water Stress ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Loam Soil

SUMMARYExperiments were made on a sandy clay loam soil with five crops to determine the effects of thorough loosening of the subsoil and deep incorporation of nutrients on yields during the subsequent 4 years.Loosening to 0·9 m increased fresh-weight yields by between nil and 95% depending on the crop and season. Responses were still considerable 4 years after the initial loosening and there was no evidence of any decline with time. Deep incorporation of nutrients did not improve yields.Loosening gave a durable increase in the volume of coarse pores and decreases in bulk density and penetrometer resistance. It also nearly doubled the rate of root extension when estimates were made for one crop, consistently increased water extraction from below 30 cm and, on occasion, reduced plant water stress.It is concluded that most of the benefits from deep loosening resulted from improvements i the rate at which plants could extract water rather than nutrients from the subsoil.

EFFECT OF SOIL COMPACTION AND STERILIZATION ON ROOT ROT DISEASE AND YIELD OF CANNING PEAS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. VIGIER ◽  
G. S. V. RAGHAVAN ◽  
G. DRAKE
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Rot Disease

Soil compaction in Richelieu clay-loam and Ste-Rosalie clay soils appeared to be more critical than common root rot in reducing yield of canning peas (Pisum sativum L.) as demonstrated by the two sets of greenhouse experiments. While quantifying yield losses, a 34% loss was attributed to root rot and a 52% fresh pea loss to higher soil bulk density in clay-loam soil. Similar quantification was difficult to obtain for clay soil.Key words: Peas, soil compaction, root rot

Fly ash influence on near-surface temperature of a clay loam soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M Hammermeister ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
M. A. Naeth
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

It has been suggested that fly ash, when applied as a soil amendment, would increase soil temperature. However, no quantitative data have been provided to support this hypothesis. This hypothesis was tested on four fly ash treatments (0, 100, 200, and 400 t ha−1) applied to clay loam soil in a randomized block design. Bi-hourly soil temperatures were measured on 3 summer days over 2 yr, and afternoon temperatures were measured on randomly selected spring days at 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths in the four fly ash treatments. Temperatures were measured in conjunction with surface bulk density, water content, and particle size distribution which were also used to calculate thermal heat capacity. Fly ash decreased percent clay, soil water content, and soil heat capacity. Contrary to previously expected trends, fly ash amendment did not significantly increase mean daily soil temperature under dry conditions. Generalizations in the literature regarding the influence of fly ash on soil temperature, bulk density, and water-holding capacity must be considered carefully since they generally relate only to coarse to medium textured soils. Key words: Soil amendments, bulk density, reclamation, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric water content, particle size distribution

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Compaction and Bulk Density on the Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max) on Sandy Clay Loam Soil of the Semi-arid Region of Northern Nigeria as Influenced by Tractor Wheel Traffic

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Abdu Dauda ◽  
Bukar Usman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Semi Arid Region

Soil compaction from farm machinery is an environmental problem. The effect of compaction on plant growth and yield depends on the crop grown and the environmental conditions that crop encounters. The effect of compaction from tractor traffic on soybean (Glycine max), variety TGX1448-2E, on a sandy clay loam soil in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria was investigated for two growing seasons, 2015 and 2016. A randomized complete block design of the field of plots with treatments of 0,5,10, 15 and 20 passes of a tractor MF 390 was used. Each treatment was replicated three times. The soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content for each applied load were measured and the yield from each treatment was determined.  Agronomic treatments were kept the same for all plots in both 2015 and 2016. Results showed increased soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content with increased tractor passes. Highest grain yield was obtained at 5 tractor passes with a mean bulk density of 1.76 Mgm,-3 penetration resistance 1.70 MPa and moisture content 13.37% with a mean yield of 2568 kgha-1 and lowest was obtained from 20 tractor passes were 340 kgha-1. Statistical models were used to predict yield as a function of bulk density, penetration resistance,   moisture content, contact pressure, and a number of tractor traffic passes. Grain yield with respect to moisture content gave the best yield prediction (r2 = 0.94).           

scholarly journals Cumulative compaction of a clay loam soil by annually repeated field traffic in autumn

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 445-461
Author(s):  
Laura Alakukku ◽  
Paavo Elonen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Loam Soil

The cumulative effects of annually repeated field traffic on soil properties and barley yield were investigated in a field experiment on clay loam. Experimental traffic was applied with a tractor-trailer combination prior to autumn ploughing for four successive years. The trailer single axle load was 5 Mg, The loading intensity was 0, 100 and 300 Mg km ha-1, and both standard and low-profile trailer tyres were used. The effect of early summer irrigation on the yield was also studied. The yield and nitrogen uptake of the crop were determined for four successive years. Soil penetrometer resistance was measured annually after the second loading. The traffic compacted the soil to 0.35 m depth. On average, soil compaction reduced barley yield by 5% and nitrogen uptake by 7%. No annual cumulative increase in the compaction depth or yield reductions was found. Probably only the first loading compacted the subsoil, because the soil was drier than field capacity in the 0.2-0.3 m layer in the following autumns. The use of trailer low-profile tyres did not reduce the depth of compaction or yield losses. On average, early summer irrigation increased grain yield by 34% and nitrogen uptake by 25%, but it did not significantly decrease yield or nitrogen uptake reductions due to compaction.

Soil compaction effects on Pinustaeda establishment from seed and early growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 628-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Tuttle ◽  
M. S. Golden ◽  
R. S. Meldahl
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Shoot Weight

Soil bulk density was related to loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedling establishment and growth during the first 28 weeks after sowing. Seedling heights were lower when bulk densities exceeded 1.3 Mg m−3 on a sandy clay loam and 1.4 Mg m−3 on a loamy sand. Heights were also lower for bulk densities below 1.2 Mg m−3 on the sandy clay loam soil. Seedling depth of rooting, root weight, and shoot weight were reduced at high bulk densities on both a sandy clay loam and a loamy sand. However, root and shoot weights were also reduced when bulk density fell below 1.3 Mg m−3 on the sandy clay loam. Bulk densities for best seedling growth were 1.3 Mg m−3 for the sandy clay loam and 1.4 Mg m−3 for the loamy sand.

EFFECTS OF SUBSOIL BULK DENSITY, NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND SOIL MOISTURE ON CORN ROOT GROWTH IN THE FIELD

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. STYPA ◽  
A. NUNEZ-BARRIOS ◽  
D. A. BARRY ◽  
M. H. MILLER ◽  
W. A. MITCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Corn Root ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Distribution Of Roots

In a 4-yr study, root growth in the upper 50 cm of a silt loam soil (Gleyed Melanic Brunisol) was equal to or greater than that in a low-density artificial medium (soil:peat:perlite) in spite of a high bulk density in the soil (1.5 Mg m−3 in the 15-to 45-cm depth). We suggest that, due to the natural structure of the Bm horizon, the resistance to root growth is much less than would be expected from bulk density or penetrometer resistance measurements. Marked increases in P and K fertility in the surface soil had only minor effects on either the total length or distribution of roots although the shoot growth was markedly increased. Neither total root length nor root distribution were altered by irrigation during 1981, the only year a moisture variable was included. During a 2-wk dry period in July, prior to anthesis, soil water potential on the nonirrigated plots decreased to −1.5 MPa in the upper 15 cm and to −0.5 MPa in the 15- to 30-cm layer. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and rate of growth during the period were lower on the nonirrigated treatment although final dry matter production was not. The results indicate that corn root growth and distribution in the field are not as sensitive to environmental factors as one would expect from short-term laboratory studies. Key words: Corn, root growth, soil bulk density, fertility, soil water

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