DINITROGEN FIXATION OF LENTIL, FIELD PEA AND FABABEAN UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. BREMER ◽  
D. A. RENNIE ◽  
R. J. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Legume Production

Annual grain legume production has increased substantially in Western Canada over the past 15 yr but more information on the N2-fixing potential of these crops is needed. 15N isotope dilution was used to determine N2 fixation of several grain legumes under dryland field conditions in Saskatchewan. Two cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and fababean (Vicia faba L.) were grown at five locations in both 1984 and 1985, with all major soil zones represented by at least one location in each year. Drought stress was moderate to severe at all sites in 1984 and at sites in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in 1985. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were nearly identical as non-N2-fixing reference crops, but their validity as reference crops for the grain legumes included in this study was not tested. Indigenous rhizobia were incapable of supporting adequate levels of N2 fixation at most sites in this study. Inoculation increased total dry matter, total N and N2 fixation of all grain legume cultivars tested. Proportion of N assimilated from the atmosphere declined with increasing soil nitrate levels and increasing drought stress. Annual rates of N2 fixation were as high as 75, 105 and 160 kg N ha−1 for lentil, pea and fababean, respectively, at sites in the Gray and Gray-Black soil zones in 1985, but declined by an average of 5.3, 7.6 and 10.5 kg N ha−1, respectively, for every cm reduction in moisture use. Maximum rates of N2 fixation in 1984 were about 80 kg ha−1. Fababean fixed the most N2 under wetter conditions, while pea and lentil fixed the most under drought stressed conditions. Key words: 15N isotope dilution, dinitrogen fixation, lentil, pea, fababean, drought stress

scholarly journals Drought Stress in Grain Legumes: Effects, Tolerance Mechanisms and Management

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Marium Khatun ◽  
Sumi Sarkar ◽  
Farzana Mustafa Era ◽  
A. K. M. Mominul Islam ◽  
Md. Parvez Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Grain legumes are important sources of proteins, essential micronutrients and vitamins and for human nutrition. Climate change, including drought, is a severe threat to grain legume production throughout the world. In this review, the morpho-physiological, physio-biochemical and molecular levels of drought stress in legumes are described. Moreover, different tolerance mechanisms, such as the morphological, physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of legumes, are also reviewed. Moreover, various management approaches for mitigating the drought stress effects in grain legumes are assessed. Reduced leaf area, shoot and root growth, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, CO2 influx, nutrient uptake and translocation, and water-use efficiency (WUE) ultimately affect legume yields. The yield loss of grain legumes varies from species to species, even variety to variety within a species, depending upon the severity of drought stress and several other factors, such as phenology, soil textures and agro-climatic conditions. Closure of stomata leads to an increase in leaf temperature by reducing the transpiration rate, and, so, the legume plant faces another stress under drought stress. The biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most detrimental effect of drought stress. Legumes can adapt to the drought stress by changing their morphology, physiology and molecular mechanism. Improved root system architecture (RSA), reduced number and size of leaves, stress-induced phytohormone, stomatal closure, antioxidant defense system, solute accumulation (e.g., proline) and altered gene expression play a crucial role in drought tolerance. Several agronomic, breeding both conventional and molecular, biotechnological approaches are used as management practices for developing a drought-tolerant legume without affecting crop yield. Exogenous application of plant-growth regulators (PGRs), osmoprotectants and inoculation by Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promotes drought tolerance in legumes. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), genomic selection (GS), marker-assisted selection (MAS), OMICS-based technology and CRISPR/Cas9 make the breeding work easy and save time in the developmental cycle to get resistant legumes. Several drought-resistant grain legumes, such as the chickpea, faba bean, common bean and pigeon pea, were developed by different institutions. Drought-tolerant transgenic legumes, for example, chickpeas, are developed by introgressing desired genes through breeding and biotechnological approaches. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs), candidate genes occupying drought-tolerant traits, are identified from a variety of grain legumes, but not all are under proper implementation. Hence, more research should be conducted to improve the drought-tolerant traits of grain legumes for avoiding losses during drought.

The contribution of nitrogen fertiliser to the nitrogen nutrition of rainfed wheat crops in Australia: a review

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Legume Production

Very little nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied to wheat crops in Australia. Currently, about 105 t of N fertiliser (less than 20% of Australia's total consumption) are used annually at an average rate of 2-3 kg Nha. This scant use of N fertiliser over much of the Australian wheat belt N is because the N derived from a legume-dominant pasture ley is thought to provide a wheat crop's N requirement. However, trends in the grain protein content of Australian wheat and some other indices of soil fertility suggest that legume-based pastures have not always been able to supply all the N required for adequate nutrition of the wheat crop and that there has been some occasional need for extra N from applications of fertiliser. Recent declines in the productivity and quality of pastures has further increased the need for supplementary applications of N fertiliser. The increase in grain legume production also has been partly based on the presumption that grain legumes contribute to the N economy of the following wheat crop. Many experiments throughout the wheat belt show a yield advantage of wheat grown after a grain legume, but these rotation trials also show that the level of productivity of the grain legume has little effect on the yield of the following wheat crop. A review of these experiments suggests that grain legumes, directly, contribute little to the N nutrition of a following wheat crop and their benefit may be from the legume acting as a disease break or providing the opportunity to control grassy weeds.

Dinitrogen fixation associated with disomic chromosome substitution lines of spring wheat

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (24) ◽  
pp. 2771-2775 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Rennie ◽  
R. I. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Total N ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines

The modification of the genotype of the Cadet and Rescue cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell) by disomic chromosome substitution altered the amount of plant nitrogen derived from dinitrogen fixation by the associated bacterium in a phytotron experiment. With the exception of the C-R5B line, inoculation of the parent Cadet or its substitution lines with either the bacillus C-11-25 or Azospirillum brasilense increased plant dry matter and the total N yield. Rescue lines were unaffected by inoculation unless genotypically altered by substitution of the 5B or 5D chromosome from Cadet. Different substitution lines reacted uniquely to inoculation with the specific bacteria: C-R2A and R-C2D promoted greater dinitrogen fixation by A. brasilense; C-R5D, R-C5B, and R-C5D promoted greater dinitrogen fixation by the C-11-25 bacillus. Both bacteria had high and identical levels of dinitrogen fixation in association with the C-R2D line; neither bacterium fixed N when grown in association with the C-R5B, Rescue, or R-C2A lines. Although the ability of spring wheat to induce dinitrogen fixation in associated bacteria is influenced by chromosomes 5B (which controls root rot reaction) and 5D, it does not appear to be directly related to reaction to common root rot.

YIELDS OF ANNUAL FORAGES UNDER THREE HARVEST MODES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. BERKEKKAMP ◽  
E. J. MEERES
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Forage Yields

Forage yields of spring-planted annual crops, oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), triticale (Triticosecale sp. Wittmack), spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), fall rye (Secale cereale L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), were compared when harvested as silage, hay and simulated pasture. Yields were higher on a Black Chernozemic soil than on a Gray Luvisolic soil, and oat was the highest-yielding crop with one exception, that is as pasture on the Black soil. The winter cereals and Italian ryegrass produced comparatively better yields than the spring cereals under the hay and pasture modes.Key words: Annual forage, cereals, Italian ryegrass, harvest mode

scholarly journals The future of grain legumes in cropping systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Sinclair ◽  
Vincent Vadez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Legume Production ◽  
Economic Constraints

Grain legume production is increasing worldwide due to their use directly as human food, feed for animals, and industrial demands. Further, grain legumes have the ability to enhance the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in cropping systems. Considering the increasing needs for human consumption of plant products and the economic constraints of applying fertiliser on cereal crops, we envision a greater role for grain legumes in cropping systems, especially in regions where accessibility and affordability of fertiliser is an issue. However, for several reasons the role of grain legumes in cropping systems has often received less emphasis than cereals. In this review, we discuss four major issues in increasing grain legume productivity and their role in overall crop production: (i) increased symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity, (ii) increased phosphorus recovery from the soil, (iii) overcoming grain legume yield limitations, and (iv) cropping systems to take advantage of the multi-dimensional benefits of grain legumes.

OSLO RED SPRING WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. GRAF ◽  
P. HUCL ◽  
J. SMITH ◽  
L. S. P. SONG
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
Breeder Seed

Oslo red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a mid-season, semidwarf wheat with intermediate yield potential, eligible for grades of Canada Prairie Spring. Oslo performs best in the black soil zone; it is not well adapted to areas prone to pre-anthesis drought stress. Breeder seed of Oslo will be maintained by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool Product Development, Watrous, Saskatchewan.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (spring), high yielding, cultivar description

Evaluation of field and laboratory predictors of drought and heat tolerance in winter cereals

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gavuzzi ◽  
F. Rizza ◽  
M. Palumbo ◽  
R. G. Campanile ◽  
G. L. Ricciardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Winter Cereals

In Mediterranean regions, plant breeding programs are being conducted to select genotypes having high and stable yields. Screening techniques that are able to identify desirable genotypes based on the evaluation of physiological traits related to stress tolerance could be useful, particularly if they are rapid, simple and inexpensive. The objectives of this study were: i) to evaluate the validity of four laboratory screening tests to discriminate among bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars differing in adaptation to the Mediterranean climate; ii) to evaluate the repeatability of determinations performed on cultivars grown in different locations and years, and iii) to evaluate relationships among the tests and yield performance under stress. The tests were: cellular membrane stability after heat (CMS-HS) and drought stress (CMS-DS), tolerance to leaf water loss (LWL), and translocation capacity after the chemical desiccation (CD) of the photosynthetic apparatus. The CMS-HS and CMS-DS tests revealed genetic variability in all the three species. The LWL test did not differentiate genotypes at some sites. Genetic differences for grain yield, kernel weight and harvest index after chemical desiccation were evident for wheat genotypes but the test did not differentiate barley genotypes. The test performed under laboratory controlled conditions (CMS-HS, CMS-DS and LWL) was less affected by environment compared with the test based on the evaluation of the translocation capacity after chemical desiccation carried out in the field. We concluded that, when good standardization of procedures are obtained, the tests investigated can be regarded as possible tools in breeding programs for tolerance to heat and drought stress. Key words: Wheat, barley, drought screening

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