The contribution of nitrogen fertiliser to the nitrogen nutrition of rainfed wheat crops in Australia: a review

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Legume Production

Very little nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied to wheat crops in Australia. Currently, about 105 t of N fertiliser (less than 20% of Australia's total consumption) are used annually at an average rate of 2-3 kg Nha. This scant use of N fertiliser over much of the Australian wheat belt N is because the N derived from a legume-dominant pasture ley is thought to provide a wheat crop's N requirement. However, trends in the grain protein content of Australian wheat and some other indices of soil fertility suggest that legume-based pastures have not always been able to supply all the N required for adequate nutrition of the wheat crop and that there has been some occasional need for extra N from applications of fertiliser. Recent declines in the productivity and quality of pastures has further increased the need for supplementary applications of N fertiliser. The increase in grain legume production also has been partly based on the presumption that grain legumes contribute to the N economy of the following wheat crop. Many experiments throughout the wheat belt show a yield advantage of wheat grown after a grain legume, but these rotation trials also show that the level of productivity of the grain legume has little effect on the yield of the following wheat crop. A review of these experiments suggests that grain legumes, directly, contribute little to the N nutrition of a following wheat crop and their benefit may be from the legume acting as a disease break or providing the opportunity to control grassy weeds.

DINITROGEN FIXATION OF LENTIL, FIELD PEA AND FABABEAN UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. BREMER ◽  
D. A. RENNIE ◽  
R. J. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Legume Production

Annual grain legume production has increased substantially in Western Canada over the past 15 yr but more information on the N2-fixing potential of these crops is needed. 15N isotope dilution was used to determine N2 fixation of several grain legumes under dryland field conditions in Saskatchewan. Two cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and fababean (Vicia faba L.) were grown at five locations in both 1984 and 1985, with all major soil zones represented by at least one location in each year. Drought stress was moderate to severe at all sites in 1984 and at sites in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in 1985. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were nearly identical as non-N2-fixing reference crops, but their validity as reference crops for the grain legumes included in this study was not tested. Indigenous rhizobia were incapable of supporting adequate levels of N2 fixation at most sites in this study. Inoculation increased total dry matter, total N and N2 fixation of all grain legume cultivars tested. Proportion of N assimilated from the atmosphere declined with increasing soil nitrate levels and increasing drought stress. Annual rates of N2 fixation were as high as 75, 105 and 160 kg N ha−1 for lentil, pea and fababean, respectively, at sites in the Gray and Gray-Black soil zones in 1985, but declined by an average of 5.3, 7.6 and 10.5 kg N ha−1, respectively, for every cm reduction in moisture use. Maximum rates of N2 fixation in 1984 were about 80 kg ha−1. Fababean fixed the most N2 under wetter conditions, while pea and lentil fixed the most under drought stressed conditions. Key words: 15N isotope dilution, dinitrogen fixation, lentil, pea, fababean, drought stress

Nitrogen nutrition of wheat following different crops

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Echeverría ◽  
C. A. Navarro ◽  
F. H. Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYA trial using a split-plot with blocks design was carried out at the INTA Balcarce Experimental Station, Argentina on a typic argiudol soil to evaluate N nutrition in wheat after different preceding crops and using two rates of N fertilization (0 and 90 kg N/ha).Wheat (Triticum aestivum), soyabean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and maize (Zea mays) were grown in different combinations for two successive years (1984/85 and 1985/86).No water stress was detected during either growing season. Nitrogen availability was altered by the previous crops grown, but the effect lasted only for one season. Wheat following maize yielded least with no N and responded most to N fertilization. The highest yields of wheat without N and the lowest response by wheat to N fertilization were found after crops of soyabean and sunflower.Wheat after a fertilized wheat crop did not respond to N fertilization because of a serious attack of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis tritici).The nitrate concentration in wheat stem bases was found to be a good estimator of the availability of soil N.

scholarly journals The future of grain legumes in cropping systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Sinclair ◽  
Vincent Vadez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Legume Production ◽  
Economic Constraints

Grain legume production is increasing worldwide due to their use directly as human food, feed for animals, and industrial demands. Further, grain legumes have the ability to enhance the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in cropping systems. Considering the increasing needs for human consumption of plant products and the economic constraints of applying fertiliser on cereal crops, we envision a greater role for grain legumes in cropping systems, especially in regions where accessibility and affordability of fertiliser is an issue. However, for several reasons the role of grain legumes in cropping systems has often received less emphasis than cereals. In this review, we discuss four major issues in increasing grain legume productivity and their role in overall crop production: (i) increased symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity, (ii) increased phosphorus recovery from the soil, (iii) overcoming grain legume yield limitations, and (iv) cropping systems to take advantage of the multi-dimensional benefits of grain legumes.

Effect of rotation on the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat grown in Northern Syria

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. PILBEAM ◽  
A. M. McNEILL ◽  
H. C. HARRIS ◽  
R. S. SWIFT
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Crop

Wheat was grown in rotation with three different crops, namely wheat, chickpea and lentil, and with a fallow, in three consecutive seasons beginning in 1992 in NW Syria. Two rates of N fertilizer (0 and 30 kg N ha−1) were superimposed on these four rotations, giving eight treatments which were replicated three times in each season. 15N-labelled fertilizer was applied to microplots within the fertilized plots at sowing when unlabelled fertilizer was broadcast on the rest of the plot.Yields of grain and dry matter were generally greatest when wheat followed a fallow, and least in the continuous wheat rotation; this was significant in 1993 and 1994. Applications of N fertilizer had no effect on productivity in 1992, but in the other two seasons grain yields were increased by 550 kg ha−1, on average. Depending on the season, between 8 and 26% of the 15N-labelled fertilizer was recovered in the shoot dry matter, while between 18 and 54% of the fertilizer remained as N in the soil at harvest, mostly in the 0–20 cm soil layer. More than half the fertilizer in the crop at harvest had been taken up by the end of March, although by March the plants were only c. 10% of their mass at harvest. Conversely, <35% of the soil-derived N in the crop at harvest had generally been taken up by March. This temporal difference in the pools of N utilized by the crop was attributed to the drying of the soil surface layers where most of the N fertilizer remained. Approximately 50% of the 15N-labelled fertilizer was unaccounted for in the crop and 0–40 cm soil layer at harvest.The yield benefit of growing wheat in rotation with a fallow or either grain legume rather than continuously, ranged from nothing to the equivalent of a fertilizer application of at least 30 kg N ha−1 to continuous wheat, depending upon the season and the previous crop. Only in the season where the residual effect of the rotation on wheat yields was greatest (1993) did the preceding grain legume crop or fallow appear to contribute between 10 and 20 kg N ha−1 to the wheat crop. Otherwise they contributed no N at harvest. While a fallow may increase the availability of water to the succeeding wheat crop, the benefit from the preceding grain legumes may lie in their effect on the soil physical structure or on the increased availability of other limiting nutrients rather than additional N.

Nitrogen availability in a Darling Downs soil following cereal, oilseed and grain legume crops. 2. Effects of residual soil nitrogen and fertiliser nitrogen on subsequent wheat crops

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Strong ◽  
J Harbison ◽  
RHG Nielsen ◽  
BD Hall ◽  
EK Best
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Top Soil

Two dryland wheat crops were grown in 1977 and 1978 following each of 18 cereal, oilseed, or grain legume crops grown in 1976 on a black earth soil on the Darling Downs of Queensland. Combined grain yields of the two crops following the grain legumes fieldpea, lathyrus, lentil and lupin cv. Ultra were higher (P< 0.05) than those following all cereal and oilseed crops except canary seed, safflower and rapeseed cv. Torch. Urea (0-90 kg/ha N), applied to wheat in 1977 on a site adjacent to the crop comparison experiment, had little effect on grain yield in that year. However, in 1978, wheat responded to residues of these applications up to the 50 kg/ha N rate. Variation in wheat yields following the 18 crops appeared to be related to nitrogen (N) supply. The quantity of N assimilated into wheat grain was directly related to the quantity of soil mineral N to a depth of 1.2 m when the 1977 crop was planted. This varied from 37 kg/ha N after oats to 160 kg/ha N after lathyrus. Efficiency of recovery of soil mineral N by the 1977 wheat crop was very low, due probably to the unavailability of N in top soil during the dry winter. Poor availability of N in the top soil was also the most likely cause of a similarly low recovery of fertiliser N applied to the 1977 wheat crop. There was a better apparent recovery of N by the second wheat crop; soil mineral N levels for all treatments had declined to between 17 and 28 kg/ha N after crop harvest. In spite of a low overall efficiency of N uptake by wheat in 1977, more N was assimilated into the grain following legumes (27-39 kg/ha) than following cereals (1 6-2 1 kg/ha), even when fertilised with up to 90 kg/ha N (19 kg/ha). The presence of mineral N in subsoil layers (0.3-0.9 m) following legumes was considered responsible for relatively high grain yields and N uptakes of the following wheat crop in this season of limited growing-season rainfall. Protein concentration of wheat grain was generally higher following grain legumes than following all cereals or oilseeds except safflower. Grain protein concentration was increased by the application of N fertiliser, but fertilised wheat in 1977 generally showed a lower protein content than wheat following grain legumes. However, the second wheat crop following most legumes (except lathyrus) showed a protein content similar to the second wheat crop following N fertiliser application.

scholarly journals Feed legumes for truly sustainable crop-animal systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Annicchiarico
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Feed Protein

Legume cultivation has sharply decreased in Italy during the last 50 years. Lucerne remains widely grown (with about 12% of its area devoted to dehydration), whereas soybean is definitely the most-grown grain legume. Poor legume cropping is mainly due to the gap in yielding ability with major cereals, which has widened up in time according to statistical data. Lucerne displays definitely higher crude protein yield and somewhat lower economic gap with benchmark cereals than feed grain legumes. Pea because of high feed energy production per unit area and rate of genetic progress, and white lupin because of high protein yield per unit area, are particularly interesting for Italian rain-fed environments. Greater legume cultivation in Europe is urged by the need for reducing energy and green-house gas emissions and excessive and unbalanced global N flows through greater symbiotic N fixation and more integrated crop-animal production, as well as to cope with ongoing and perspective raising prices of feed proteins and N fertilisers and insecurity of feed protein supplies. The transition towards greater legume cultivation requires focused research effort, comprehensive stakeholder cooperation and fair economic compensation for legume environmental services, with a key role for genetic improvement dragged by public breeding or pre-breeding. New opportunities for yield improvement arise from the ongoing development of cost-efficient genome-enabled selection procedures, enhanced adaptation to specific cropping conditions via ecophysiological and evolutionary-based approaches, and more thorough exploitation of global genetic resources.

scholarly journals Drought Stress in Grain Legumes: Effects, Tolerance Mechanisms and Management

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Marium Khatun ◽  
Sumi Sarkar ◽  
Farzana Mustafa Era ◽  
A. K. M. Mominul Islam ◽  
Md. Parvez Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Grain legumes are important sources of proteins, essential micronutrients and vitamins and for human nutrition. Climate change, including drought, is a severe threat to grain legume production throughout the world. In this review, the morpho-physiological, physio-biochemical and molecular levels of drought stress in legumes are described. Moreover, different tolerance mechanisms, such as the morphological, physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of legumes, are also reviewed. Moreover, various management approaches for mitigating the drought stress effects in grain legumes are assessed. Reduced leaf area, shoot and root growth, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, CO2 influx, nutrient uptake and translocation, and water-use efficiency (WUE) ultimately affect legume yields. The yield loss of grain legumes varies from species to species, even variety to variety within a species, depending upon the severity of drought stress and several other factors, such as phenology, soil textures and agro-climatic conditions. Closure of stomata leads to an increase in leaf temperature by reducing the transpiration rate, and, so, the legume plant faces another stress under drought stress. The biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most detrimental effect of drought stress. Legumes can adapt to the drought stress by changing their morphology, physiology and molecular mechanism. Improved root system architecture (RSA), reduced number and size of leaves, stress-induced phytohormone, stomatal closure, antioxidant defense system, solute accumulation (e.g., proline) and altered gene expression play a crucial role in drought tolerance. Several agronomic, breeding both conventional and molecular, biotechnological approaches are used as management practices for developing a drought-tolerant legume without affecting crop yield. Exogenous application of plant-growth regulators (PGRs), osmoprotectants and inoculation by Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promotes drought tolerance in legumes. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), genomic selection (GS), marker-assisted selection (MAS), OMICS-based technology and CRISPR/Cas9 make the breeding work easy and save time in the developmental cycle to get resistant legumes. Several drought-resistant grain legumes, such as the chickpea, faba bean, common bean and pigeon pea, were developed by different institutions. Drought-tolerant transgenic legumes, for example, chickpeas, are developed by introgressing desired genes through breeding and biotechnological approaches. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs), candidate genes occupying drought-tolerant traits, are identified from a variety of grain legumes, but not all are under proper implementation. Hence, more research should be conducted to improve the drought-tolerant traits of grain legumes for avoiding losses during drought.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and Temperature Resetting the Expression of Resistance, Pest Incidence, Geographical Distribution and Physiology in Insect-pests of Grain Legumes: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Jat ◽  
P. Pagaria ◽  
A.S. Jat ◽  
H.D. Choudhary ◽  
T. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Elevated Co2 And Temperature

The most important factor that affects the crop production in terms of nutritional content of foliar plants is the global climate change. Herbivore’s growth, development, survival and geographical distribution all are determined by elevated CO2 and temperature. The interactions between herbivores and plants have changed due to increasing level of CO2 and temperature. The effect of high CO2 and temperature on grain legume plant which change in to plant physiology (e.g., nutritional content, foliage biomass) and how it change in herbivory metabolism rate and food consumption rate. Plant injury is determined by two factors viz. resistance and tolerance and both are influenced by greater CO2 and temperature. Legumes are an important source of food and feed in the form of proteins and also improve the soil environment. The repercussions of the abiotic factors mentioned above needs discussion among the scientific community. We may able to limit the negative repercussions of stated factors in future breeding projects by harnessing the practical favourable impacts and by including such influences of elevated CO2 and temperature on pulses productivity. The extensive research is necessary to overcome the negative effects of high CO2 and temperature on insect-plant interaction.

scholarly journals Response of Grain Legume Species to Terminal Drought in Timor-Leste

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Marcal Gusmao ◽  
Delfim Da Costa ◽  
Angelo Da Costa Freitas ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique ◽  
Robert Williams
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Plot Design

Growth, development and yield of three-grain legumes (mung bean [F1], soybean [F2] and grass pea [F3]) following rice crop to enhance grain production was studied in a paddy field in the northern Timor-Leste. A split plot design was used with three water treatments (well-watered [W0], water withheld at flowering [W1] and after germination [W2]). Interaction between water treatments and species on dry matter production (p < 0.001) and seed yield (p = 0.005) was observed. In control, the highest seed yield was F1 (1.2 t/ha) followed by F2 (1.1 t/ha) and F3 (0.4 t/ha) respectively. There was a steady reduction in seed yield in F1 from W0 to W2, but almost fifty percent reduction in F2 under W1 and W2 compared to W0. F3 had little difference between water treatments. The W1 and W2 reduced number of filled pods per plant in all species compared to control (W0). Between the species, F3 had the highest filled pods per plant followed by F2 and F3. The W1 and W2 reduced seeds per pod of F1; however, it did not effect F2 and F3. There were interactions between water treatment and species on 100 seeds weight. The heaviest seeds were in F2 in the control plants, but in the F2 drought treatments (W1 and W2) seed weight were less than F3. The lowest seed weight was in F1, but there was no impact of the terminal droughts on its seed weight.

The use of the 15N isotope dilution technique to estimate the contribution of associated biological nitrogen fixation to the nitrogen nutrition of Paspalum notatum cv. batatais

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1036-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Boddey ◽  
Phillip M. Chalk ◽  
Reynaldo L. Victoria ◽  
Eiichi Matsui ◽  
Johanna Döbereiner
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Dilution Experiments ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

This paper reports the results of a field experiment to investigate the use of the 15N-dilution technique to measure the contribution of biological N2 fixation to the N nutrition of the batatais cultivar of Paspalum notatum. The pensacola cultivar of this grass supports little associated N2 fixation as evidenced by the low associated C2H2 reduction activity and was thus used as a nonfixing control plant. The grasses were grown in 60-cm diameter concrete cylinders sunk into the soil, and the effects of four different addition rates of labelled nitrogen (NH4)2SO4, were investigated. The data from seven harvests clearly demonstrated that there was a significant input of plant associated N2 fixation to the nutrition of the batatais cultivar amounting to approximately 20 kg N∙ha−1∙year−1. Problems associated with the conduct of such isotope dilution experiments are discussed including the importance of using nonfixing control plants of similar growth habit, the advantages and disadvantages of growing the plants in cylinders as opposed to field plots, and the various methods of application of labelled N fertilizer.

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