MANGANESE SOIL TESTS FOR BOTH DEFICIENT AND TOXIC LEVELS IN APPLE ORCHARDS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. NEILSEN ◽  
P. B. Hoyt ◽  
B. G. DROUGHT ◽  
G. H. NEILSEN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Key Words Manganese ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Soil pH and Mn extracted by 1.0 M NH4OAc (pH 7.0), 0.02 M CaCl2, 0.25 M MgCl2, 0.03 M H3PO4, DTPA and HF/HC1 (total Mn) from two soil depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm) were compared to leaf Mn concentrations of Delicious apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) from 34 Okanagan Valley orchards. Leaf Mn concentrations ranged from deficient (below 25 μg g−1) to toxic (above 60 μg g−1). For all orchards (pH 3.5–8.4), leaf Mn concentration varied directly with soil Mn extracted from 15–30 cm depth by all extractants except HF/HCl (total Mn) and 0.03 M H3PO4, and inversely with pH at both depths. For soils with pH > 6.5, DTPA and 0.25 M MgCl2 extractable soil Mn (15–30 cm depth) was most closely related to leaf Mn concentration, whereas for soils with pH < 6.5, pH (15–30 cm depth) was the best indicator of Mn availability. Thus soil tests for Mn availability to apple trees may not perform equally well in toxic and deficient situations. Key words: Manganese, soil test, apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh

Effects of drip fertigation of NH4-N and P on soil pH and cation leaching

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Drip Fertigation

Mixtures of ammonium nitrate and ammonium polyphosphate fertilizers were used to drip fertigate Summerland McIntosh apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown on M.9 rootstocks in gravelly sandy loam. Levels of N corresponding to 25 and 50% of the recommended broadcast rate (23.5 and 47.0 g tree−1, respectively) and three levels of P (0, 17.5 and 35.0 g tree−1) were applied in a factorial randomized complete block design. Soil acidification began within 1 yr in a zone extending approximately 60 cm vertically and horizontally from the drip source. Acidification was most severe at 20–30 cm directly beneath the emitter where the soil pH decreased from 5.8 to 4.5 after 1 yr and to 3.7 after three seasons of fertigation. Rate and magnitude of pH decline were equal for both rates of N and acidification was not enhanced by the simultaneous addition of P. Calcium, Mg and K were leached to the periphery of the acidified zone. The rapid displacement of K may be of concern, particularly when NH4 forms of N are drip-fertigated in coarse-textured soils with marginal K levels. Key words: Fertigation, soil acidification, cation leaching, nitrogen fertilizer

Response of apple trees to fertigation-induced soil acidification

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
W. D. Wolk ◽  
O. L. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Basic Cation ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Tree Vigour

Summerland McIntosh apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.)on M.9 rootstock were fertigated for the first 3 yr after planting with all combinations of two rates of N (23.5 and 47.0 g tree−1) and three rates of P (0, 17.5 and 35 g tree−1). During this period, soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) beneath and near the drip emitters declined from 5.8 to < 4.0. Rate of fertigated N had few measurable effects on the trees. In contrast, fertigated P increased first-year tree vigour, second-year tree yield, and sometimes leaf Ca and Mg and leaf and fruit P concentrations. None of these nutrient concentrations were near critical values. Fertigated P also decreased leaf concentrations of K and Cu, which reached deficiency after 3 yr, and did not ameliorate the decline in tree vigour attributed to soil acidification. Increased Mn concentration in leaves was the most distinctive plant indicator of soil acidification, while decreased leaf K was the most important basic cation affected. Fruit Ca was not affected by the decrease in soil Ca availability. Key words: Vigour, yield, fruit Ca, leaf K, Mn and Cu

scholarly journals Hybridisation of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. with Malus × domestica Borkh. and Implications for the Production of Forest Reproductive Material

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Mateja Kišek ◽  
Kristjan Jarni ◽  
Robert Brus
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Forest Reproductive Material ◽  
Reproductive Material ◽  
Crab Apple

This study focuses on the morphological and genetic characteristics of European crab apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the occurrence of hybrids in its populations. We analyzed a total of 107 putative European crab apple trees in Slovenia: 92 from nine natural populations, five from a seed stand and 10 from a stand of unnatural origin. We also included 18 domesticated apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and two Japanese flowering crab apple trees (Malusfloribunda van Houtte) as outliers. The trees were classified into groups of European crab apples, hybrids and domesticated apples according to their morphological and genetic characteristics. Classification based on morphological traits produced different results (58.75% European crab apple, 37.11% hybrids and 4.14% domesticated apple) compared to those based on genetic analysis (70.10% European crab apple, 21.64% hybrids and 8.26% domesticated apple). When genetic and morphological characteristics were combined, only 40.20% of the trees were classified as European crab apple, and an additional group of feral cultivars of domesticated apples (6.18%) was identified. The analysis revealed that hybridization with domesticated apple is taking place in all studied natural European crab apple populations; however, hybrids and feral cultivars only occur to a limited extent. When introducing European crab apple into forests in the future, only genetically verified forest reproductive material obtained exclusively from suitable seed stands should be used.

THE EFFECTS OF SURFACE-APPLIED CALCIUM ON SOIL AND MATURE SPARTAN APPLE TREES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. NEILSEN ◽  
E. HOGUE ◽  
B. G. DROUGHT
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Mature Apple

In 1975, hydrated lime and calcium sulfate were applied to a Rutland gravelly sandy loam under the canopy of mature apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. ’Spartan’) on M16 at 3000, 6000, 3 × 2000 and at 3000, 6000, 3 × 4000 kg/ha, respectively, pH and exchangeable Ca, Mg and Mn were measured in the soil sampled in 1979 at 10-cm intervals to a 60-cm depth for each of the check, 6000 kg/ha Ca(OH)2 and 12 000 kg/ha gypsum treatments. The acidity of the surface soil was decreased significantly in the 6000 kg/ha Ca(OH)2 treatment. Negligible soil Ca accumulation occurred below the surface 10-cm depth for any treatment. Soil Mn was decreased from the surface to the 20-cm level in the Ca(OH)2 treatment while soil Mg was decreased from the surface to the 30-cm level in the gypsum treatment. Fruit Ca concentration at harvest, 1975–1979 was not increased by soil Ca treatments. Leaf Mg was often reduced by soil gpysum applications in excess of 3000 kg/ha. Leaf Mn reduction did not occur until the 4th and 5th yr of the experiment in the 6000 and the 3 × 2000 kg/ha Ca(OH)2 treatments.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS AND ROOTS USED TO DISTINGUISH STANDARD FROM IRRADIATION-INDUCED VARIANT APPLE TREES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-518
Author(s):  
B. J. PARLIMAN ◽  
C. STUSHNOFF
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

Beacon apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) variants derived from gamma-irradiated scionwood on Columbia Crab seedling (CC) rootstocks were compared to both standard Beacon/clonal rootstocks, standard Beacon/CC rootstocks and Columbia Crab seedling trees. Stem or root measurements of trees classed as induced spur-type dwarf variants/CC rootstocks had larger bark to xylem ratios than trees from other growth habit classes. Stem and root bark to xylem ratios have the potential to be used as juvenile selection criteria in screening for spur-type dwarf variants in irradiation-exposed apple tree populations.

scholarly journals Effect of boron fertilization of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on uptake and distribution of mineral elements

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Paweł Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Plant Parts

The aim of this study was to examine effect of boron (B) fertilization of 'Šampion' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grafted on M.26 rootstock on uptake and distribution of mineral elements. The trees were planted at a distance of 4,0 x 2,5 m on sandy-loam soil with low hot-water extractable B content. The study was carried out in 1994-1996 in Dąbrowice Experimental Station located near Skierniewice. The following treatments were applied: (i) soil B application at a rate of 2g B tree<sup>-1</sup> as Bortrac fertilizer (16% B in form of boric acid); (ii) three times leaf B applications before full bloom at a rate of0,67g B tree' at the stage: green and pink bud and beginning of flowering; (iii) three times leaf B applications after bloom at a rate of0,67g B tree<sup>-1</sup>. First spraying was applied at petal fall and next two ones at 2-weeks interval; (iv) control-trees unfer tilized with B. The measurements included: soil chemical analysis (contents of available phosphorus (P) and boron (B) and exchange potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and plant analysis (concentrations of N,P,K,Mg,Ca and B in the spur leaves, the leaves from oneyear-old shoots and the apple flesh). It was shown that B fertilization had not effect on N uptake and its distribution within apple tree. It was found that soil B application stimulated P uptake which increased concentration of this element in the spur leaves, the leaves from current shoots and the apple flesh. Boron sprayings after bloom increased Ca uptake which rised Ca concentration in studied plant parts. Additionally, leaf B application after bloom reduced plant Mg uptake. As a result of B sprayings after bloom, K concentration was increased in the spur leaves and decreased in the apple flesh. Boron spraying before bloom was less effective in increasing this microelement in plant than leaf B applications after bloom and soil B application.

Stomata Polymorphism in Leaves of Apple Trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) Growing under Mountain and Plain Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-363
Author(s):  
A. V. Babosha ◽  
T. Kh. Kumachova ◽  
A. S. Ryabchenko ◽  
G. I. Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document