Nursery crop response to substrates amended with raw paper mill sludge, composted  paper mill sludge and composted municipal waste

Silverleaf dogwood (Cornus alba L. ‘Argenteo-marginata’), forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab. ‘Lynwood Gold’), and weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.DC. ‘Red Prince’) were grown in #2 (6-L) containers filled with 100% bark or bark mixed with 20, 40 or 60% by volume each of raw paper mill sludge (RB group), Bio Soil compost containing 100% paper mill sludge (BCB group), Waterdown compost containing 40% paper sludge, 40% chicken manure and 20% sawdust (WCB group), and municipal compost consisting of leaf and yard waste (MCB group). A fifth substrate group (MCH) consisted of 100% hemp chips or hemp chips mixed with the same rates of municipal compost. The containers were trickle-irrigated and fertilized with a controlled-release fertilizer. Regression analysis indicated that growth among the barkamended groups was highest for dogwood and forsythia with WCB, increasing dramatically and peaking at about the 40% rate (68 and 94 g plant-1 aboveground dry weight, respectively). Growth of these species was intermediate with MCB and BCB and least with RB, increasing to rates ≥ 50% in these groups. There was no significant response of dogwood to RB. Growth of weigela increased equally with WCB and MCB substrates up to about 40% (117 g plant-1), but was not influenced by varying rates of RB and BCB. With the hemp-amended MCH group, growth of all three species increased to rates ≥ 50% (62, 93, and 116 g plant-1 for dogwood, forsythia and weigela, respectively). Growth of the three species over most rates of all substrate groups was similar to, or exceeded that in 80% bark: 15% peat: 5% topsoil, a proven nursery mix. Aboveground dry weight of all three species was positively correlated with soluble salts concentrations in the substrates sampled at planting and on other sampling dates during the season. Key words: Nursery, ornamentals, waste and compost utilization

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Raw and Composted Paper Mill Sludges and Municipal Compost in Nursery Substrates

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.818a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 818A-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Calvin Chong* ◽

Peter Purvis

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Municipal Compost ◽

Cornus Alba ◽

Group A ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Weigela Florida ◽

Substrate Group

Silverleaf dogwood (Cornus alba L. `Argenteo-marginata'), forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab. `Lynwood Gold'), and weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.DC. `Red Prince') were grown in #2 (6-L) containers filled with 100% bark or bark mixed with 20%, 40%, or 60% (by vol.) each of raw paper mill sludge (RB group), composted paper mill sludge (CB group), a proprietory paper mill sludge-derived compost (PB group), and municipal compost (MB group). A fifth substrate group (MH) consisted of 100% hemp chips or hemp chips mixed with the same rates of municipal compost. The containers were trickle-irrigated and fertilized with a controlled-release fertilizer. Among the bark-amended groups, growth was highest for dogwood and forsythia with PB, increasing dramatically and peaking at ca. 40% rate (68 and 94 g/plant top dry weight, respectively). Growth of these species was intermediate with MB and CB and least with RB, increasing to rates ≥ 50% in these groups, except for a nonsignificant response of dogwood to RB. Growth of weigela increased equally with PB and MB substrates up to ca. 40% (117 g/plant), but was unresponsive to rates of RB and CB. With the hemp-amended MH group, growth of all three species increased to rates ≥ 50% (62, 93, and 116 g/plant for dogwood, forsythia, and weigela, respectively). Growth of the three species over most rates of all substrate groups was similar to, or exceeded, that in 80% bark: 15% peat: 5% topsoil, a proven nursery mix. Top dry weight of all three species was positively correlated with soluble salts concentrations in the substrates at planting after first irrigation (0.23-1.72 dS·m-1, range over all substrates) and at various intervals during the season.

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Response of Four Ornamental Shrubs to Container Substrate Amended with Two Sources of Raw Paper Mill Sludge

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.28.8.807 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 807-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Calvin Chong ◽

R.A. Cline

Keyword(s):

Paper Mill ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Cornus Sericea ◽

Weigela Florida ◽

Ornamental Shrubs

Four deciduous ornamental shrubs {`Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid.), `Flaviramea' dogwood (Cornus sericea L.), `Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia ×intermedia Zab.), and `Variegata' weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC.]} were grown in trickle-irrigated containers with 100% pine bark (control) or with 10 other pine-bark-amended media, including two sources [Noranda Forest (NF) and Quebec and Ontario (QO)] of raw paper mill sludge mixed at 15 % or 30% (by volume). All species grew equally well or better in the sludge-amended media than in the control or other nonsludge media. Cotoneaster and forsythia grew more in NF sludge media than in corresponding QO media due primarily to the greater quantities of N and other nutrients released from the NF sludge.

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Plant Community Diversity at Two Reclaimed Mine Tailing Storage Facilities in Québec, Canada

Land ◽

10.3390/land10111191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1191

Author(s):

Alyson Gagnon ◽

Nicole J. Fenton ◽

Pascal Sirois ◽

Jean-François Boucher

Keyword(s):

Plant Community ◽

Plant Communities ◽

Plant Cover ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Percent Cover ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Total Plant ◽

Storage Facilities

Mining activities generate residues during the ore concentration process. These wastes are placed into large tailing storage facilities, and upon mine closure, these tailings must be reclaimed. This study aimed to determine how different reclamation methods, involving combinations of planted boreal woody species and organic amendments application (paper mill sludge biosolids, chicken manure, and topsoil) affected plant community diversity at two tailing storage facilities in Québec, Canada. We recorded the composition of the plant communities using the percent cover of plant species within 1 m × 1 m quadrats. At the Niobec mine site, paper mill sludge mixed with topsoil enhanced total plant cover was compared with the use of topsoil only; the former amendment, however, reduced evenness (J′) and diversity (1−D) due to the increased growth of grasses and invasive forbs. At the Mont-Wright site, plots having received paper mill sludge mixed with a “Norco” treatment (a mixture of chicken manure, hay, and grass seeds) produced the highest total plant cover. The Norco treatment mixed with topsoil and the single application of topsoil and biosolids produced the highest evenness (J′) and diversity (1−D). Overall, organic amendment applications promoted vegetation cover on tailings and contributed to the colonization of diverse plant communities.

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Bark- and Peat-amended Spent Mushroom Compost for Containerized Culture of Shrubs

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.7.781 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 781-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Calvin Chong ◽

R.A. Cline ◽

D.L. Rinker

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Spent Mushroom Compost ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Cornus Alba ◽

Horse Manure ◽

Control Growth ◽

Weigela Florida ◽

Ornamental Shrubs

Four deciduous ornamental shrubs [`Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid); Tartarian dogwood (Cornus alba L.); `Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab.); `Variegata' weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.D.C.)] were grown in trickle-fertigated containers. There were eight media consisting of 25% or 50% sphagnum peat or composted pine bark, 25% sand, and the remainder one of two sources of spent mushroom compost; four media with 509″ peat or bark mixed with 50% spent mushroom compost; and a control medium of 10070 pine bark. Initially, higher than desirable salt levels in all compost-amended media were leached quickly (within 2 weeks of planting) and not detrimental to the species tested. Unlike cotoneaster, which showed no difference in growth (shoot dry weight) due to medium, dogwood, forsythia, and weigela grew significantly better in all compost-amended media than in the control. Growth of these three species was 20% greater in peat-based than in bark-based, compost-amended media. Dogwood and forsythia grew slightly more (+8%) with spent mushroom compost based primarily on straw-bedded horse manure than with one based on a blend of straw-bedded horse manure, wheat straw, and hay. The addition of sand (25%) to a mixture of 50% peat or bark and 25 % spent compost produced a medium with minimal compaction.

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Removal of non-biodegredable organics from landfill leachate using paper mill sludge as a low cost adsorpbent

Science and Technology Development Journal ◽

10.32508/stdj.v17i2.1297 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 5-12

Author(s):

Trung Duc Le ◽

Bao Minh Tran

Keyword(s):

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Static Condition ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Adsorption Efficiency ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Cod Reduction ◽

Ph Level

Paper mill sludge (PMS) from the wastewater treatment system of paper production factory that was used as adsorbent to the treatment of non-biodegradable organics in leachate. Activated PMS (adsorbent) that includes approximate 52 % of cellulose (dry weight) was used in this research. Achieved results indicated that adsorption capacity of this adsorbent was significantly influenced by some factors such as pH level, amount of adsorbent, and adsorption time. Under static condition, the adsorption efficiency of non-degradable organics was determined as COD reduction of leachate reaches 86,5 % at pH = 6 after 150 min mixing with adsorbent/leachate ratio 1/40 (w/v). Maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent which was for COD reduction about 12.8 mg/g (dry weight).

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Experiences with Wastes and Composts in Nursery Substrates

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.4.0739 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 739-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Calvin Chong

Keyword(s):

Paper Mill ◽

Municipal Waste ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Discernible Effect ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Initial Ph ◽

Municipal Waste Compost ◽

By Products

During the past 20 years, the Ornamental Nursery Research Program at the former Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario (now part of the University of Guelph) has been conducting applied research dealing with environmentally friendly and sustainable nursery production practices with emphasis on container production. The use of farm, industrial, and consumer waste by-products as amendments in nursery substrates has been a major focus. The program has evaluated hundreds of potting mixes derived from individual or combined, raw or composted waste by-products including spent mushroom compost, turkey litter compost, paper mill sludge, municipal waste compost, corrugated cardboard, apple pomace, wood chips from pallets, pulverized glass, and various types of tree barks. With few exceptions, all the above waste by-products tested under our cultural conditions provided acceptable to excellent container-growing media, often in amounts exceeding 50% and sometimes up to 100% by volume in No. 2 containers (6 L), even despite initially elevated and potentially toxic contents of soluble salts [expressed in terms of electrical conductivity measured up to 8.9 dS·m-1 in 1 substrate: 2 water (by volume) extracts] in many of the substrates. A key to these successful results is that salts leach quickly from the containers to benign levels (∼1.0 dS·m-1) with normal irrigation practices. High initial pH in most waste-derived substrates (up to 8.9) has had little or no discernible effect on growth of a wide assortment of deciduous nursery species. By-products such as paper mill sludge and municipal waste compost with soluble salts contents typically ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 dS·m-1, also provide acceptable rooting media provided salts are leached before use to values ≤0.2 dS·m-1. The porosity and aeration characteristics of waste-derived substrates tend to be comparable to, or better than, those of bark.

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Raw Paper Mill Sludge in A Rooting Medium for Deciduous Woody Cuttings

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.5.869 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 869-871 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Calvin Chong ◽

Bob Hamersma

Keyword(s):

Paper Mill ◽

The Other ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Rooting Medium ◽

Cornus Amomum ◽

The Mean ◽

Weigela Florida ◽

Linear Reduction

Stem cuttings of seven deciduous landscape shrubs {silky dogwood (Cornus amomum Mill.), coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench), Peegee hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata Siebold. `Grandiflora'), Bridal-wreath spirea [Spiraea ×vanhoutteii (C. Briot) Zab.], spirea (Spiraea ×bumalda Burv. `Goldmound'), fragrant viburnum (Viburnum farreri Stearn), and weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. `Variegata Nana']} were rooted under mist in 100% perlite (no sludge) medium or in mixtures of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% (v/v) of raw paper mill sludge and perlite. There was a large linear reduction in percent rooting of viburnum (from 80% to 21% with 0% and 60% sludge, respectively) in response to increasing level of sludge. The mean root count per cutting also was significantly decreased, from 14 to 5. However, the length of longest root was unaffected. In contrast, all the other species ranked good to excellent in rooting, regardless of the level of sludge. Differences, if any, in rooting performance were not of practical significance.

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