scholarly journals Raw Paper Mill Sludge in A Rooting Medium for Deciduous Woody Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 869-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Chong ◽  
Bob Hamersma
Keyword(s):  
Paper Mill ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Paper Mill Sludge ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Cornus Amomum ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weigela Florida ◽  
Linear Reduction

Stem cuttings of seven deciduous landscape shrubs {silky dogwood (Cornus amomum Mill.), coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench), Peegee hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata Siebold. `Grandiflora'), Bridal-wreath spirea [Spiraea ×vanhoutteii (C. Briot) Zab.], spirea (Spiraea ×bumalda Burv. `Goldmound'), fragrant viburnum (Viburnum farreri Stearn), and weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. `Variegata Nana']} were rooted under mist in 100% perlite (no sludge) medium or in mixtures of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% (v/v) of raw paper mill sludge and perlite. There was a large linear reduction in percent rooting of viburnum (from 80% to 21% with 0% and 60% sludge, respectively) in response to increasing level of sludge. The mean root count per cutting also was significantly decreased, from 14 to 5. However, the length of longest root was unaffected. In contrast, all the other species ranked good to excellent in rooting, regardless of the level of sludge. Differences, if any, in rooting performance were not of practical significance.

Comparative rooting of deciduous landscape shrub cuttings in media amended with paper mill biosolids from four different sources

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Chong ◽  
Bob Hamersma ◽  
Kevin L. Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Paper Mill Sludge ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Sludge Waste ◽  
Rooting Response

Scarcity of landfills has resulted in increasing need for alternative disposal or reuse of industrial organic wastes such as paper mill sludge (biosolids). The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the rooting response of stem cuttings from six species of deciduous landscape shrubs [coralberry (Symphoricarpos × chenaultii Rehd. 'Hancock'); flowering almond (Prunus triloba Lindl. 'Multiplex'); honeysuckle (Lonicera × xylosteoides Tausch. 'Clavey's Dwarf'); mock orange (Philadelphus × virginalis Rehd. 'Minnesota Snowflake'); purple-leaf sandcherry (Prunus × cistena N. E. Hansen); and viburnum (Viburnum dentatum L.)] under mist and 50% shade (outdoor lath) in flats filled with 100% perlite medium, or perlite mixed with 15, 30, 45 or 60% of fresh paper mill biosolids, by volume, of one of four sources (Atlantic, Domtar, Thorold, and QUNO). There was little or no adverse effect of the biosolids, despite wide variability in rooting response due to species, source and/or level of biosolids. Regression analyses indicated that, with few exceptions, the percent rooting, mean root number per rooted cutting, and length of longest root per cutting increased linearly or curvilinearly, or was unaffected, when regressed over level of biosolids. Optimum amounts of biosolids in the rooting medium ranged from 30 to 60% by volume. The electrical conductivities of the biosolids-amended media were acceptable (0.1–0.3 dS m−1) for rooting of woody cuttings and pore space characteristics were comparable to, or exceeded those of, perlite. Key words: Ornamentals, landscape plants, propagation, organic waste, paper mill sludge, waste recycling

scholarly journals Response of Four Ornamental Shrubs to Container Substrate Amended with Two Sources of Raw Paper Mill Sludge

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 807-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Chong ◽  
R.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Paper Mill Sludge ◽  
Cornus Sericea ◽  
Weigela Florida ◽  
Ornamental Shrubs

Four deciduous ornamental shrubs {`Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid.), `Flaviramea' dogwood (Cornus sericea L.), `Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia ×intermedia Zab.), and `Variegata' weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC.]} were grown in trickle-irrigated containers with 100% pine bark (control) or with 10 other pine-bark-amended media, including two sources [Noranda Forest (NF) and Quebec and Ontario (QO)] of raw paper mill sludge mixed at 15 % or 30% (by volume). All species grew equally well or better in the sludge-amended media than in the control or other nonsludge media. Cotoneaster and forsythia grew more in NF sludge media than in corresponding QO media due primarily to the greater quantities of N and other nutrients released from the NF sludge.

scholarly journals Raw and Composted Paper Mill Sludges and Municipal Compost in Nursery Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 818A-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Chong* ◽  
Peter Purvis
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Paper Mill Sludge ◽  
Municipal Compost ◽  
Cornus Alba ◽  
Group A ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Weigela Florida ◽  
Substrate Group

Silverleaf dogwood (Cornus alba L. `Argenteo-marginata'), forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab. `Lynwood Gold'), and weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.DC. `Red Prince') were grown in #2 (6-L) containers filled with 100% bark or bark mixed with 20%, 40%, or 60% (by vol.) each of raw paper mill sludge (RB group), composted paper mill sludge (CB group), a proprietory paper mill sludge-derived compost (PB group), and municipal compost (MB group). A fifth substrate group (MH) consisted of 100% hemp chips or hemp chips mixed with the same rates of municipal compost. The containers were trickle-irrigated and fertilized with a controlled-release fertilizer. Among the bark-amended groups, growth was highest for dogwood and forsythia with PB, increasing dramatically and peaking at ca. 40% rate (68 and 94 g/plant top dry weight, respectively). Growth of these species was intermediate with MB and CB and least with RB, increasing to rates ≥ 50% in these groups, except for a nonsignificant response of dogwood to RB. Growth of weigela increased equally with PB and MB substrates up to ca. 40% (117 g/plant), but was unresponsive to rates of RB and CB. With the hemp-amended MH group, growth of all three species increased to rates ≥ 50% (62, 93, and 116 g/plant for dogwood, forsythia, and weigela, respectively). Growth of the three species over most rates of all substrate groups was similar to, or exceeded, that in 80% bark: 15% peat: 5% topsoil, a proven nursery mix. Top dry weight of all three species was positively correlated with soluble salts concentrations in the substrates at planting after first irrigation (0.23-1.72 dS·m-1, range over all substrates) and at various intervals during the season.

PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES AND B-VITAMINS IN SASKATCHEWAN FEED GRAINS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Hoppner ◽  
B. D. Owen ◽  
F. W. Sosulski
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
The Mean

The proximate principles, and thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid were studied in wheat (Canthatch and Selkirk), barley (Husky, Parkland and Hannchen) and oats (Garry and Rodney) grown in 1964 and 1965 at 16 locations representing the main soil types and zones in Saskatchewan. Percentages of the proximate principles were similar to those reported in the literature except for crude protein, which was considerably higher in all three grains. Vitamin levels in several instances differed markedly from those reported elsewhere. Standard deviations were approximately 2% of the mean for nitrogen-free-extract; 10% for the other proximate constituents; 15–20% for thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid; and 20–30% for pantothenic acid.The practical significance of soil zone, variety and year effects is discussed. Correlations between levels of the various nutrients were, for the most part, similar to those reported by other workers.

Nursery crop response to substrates amended with raw paper mill sludge, composted paper mill sludge and composted municipal waste

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Chong ◽  
Peter Purvis
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Paper Mill Sludge ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Municipal Compost ◽  
Cornus Alba ◽  
Group A ◽  
Weigela Florida

Silverleaf dogwood (Cornus alba L. ‘Argenteo-marginata’), forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab. ‘Lynwood Gold’), and weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.DC. ‘Red Prince’) were grown in #2 (6-L) containers filled with 100% bark or bark mixed with 20, 40 or 60% by volume each of raw paper mill sludge (RB group), Bio Soil compost containing 100% paper mill sludge (BCB group), Waterdown compost containing 40% paper sludge, 40% chicken manure and 20% sawdust (WCB group), and municipal compost consisting of leaf and yard waste (MCB group). A fifth substrate group (MCH) consisted of 100% hemp chips or hemp chips mixed with the same rates of municipal compost. The containers were trickle-irrigated and fertilized with a controlled-release fertilizer. Regression analysis indicated that growth among the barkamended groups was highest for dogwood and forsythia with WCB, increasing dramatically and peaking at about the 40% rate (68 and 94 g plant-1 aboveground dry weight, respectively). Growth of these species was intermediate with MCB and BCB and least with RB, increasing to rates ≥ 50% in these groups. There was no significant response of dogwood to RB. Growth of weigela increased equally with WCB and MCB substrates up to about 40% (117 g plant-1), but was not influenced by varying rates of RB and BCB. With the hemp-amended MCH group, growth of all three species increased to rates ≥ 50% (62, 93, and 116 g plant-1 for dogwood, forsythia and weigela, respectively). Growth of the three species over most rates of all substrate groups was similar to, or exceeded that in 80% bark: 15% peat: 5% topsoil, a proven nursery mix. Aboveground dry weight of all three species was positively correlated with soluble salts concentrations in the substrates sampled at planting and on other sampling dates during the season. Key words: Nursery, ornamentals, waste and compost utilization

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

Prothrombin Time Standardization: Report of the Expert Panel on Oral Anticoagulant Control

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1073-1114 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Calibration Constant ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Point Of Intersection ◽  
And Control ◽  
Standardization Report

SummaryIn collaborative experiments in 199 laboratories, nine commercial thromboplastins, four thromboplastins held by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBS & C), London and the British Comparative Thromboplastin were tested on fresh normal and coumarin plasmas, and on three series of freeze-dried plasmas. One of these was made from coumarin plasmas and the other two were prepared from normal plasmas; in each series, one plasma was normal and the other two represented different degrees of coumarin defect.Each thromboplastin was calibrated against NIBS&C rabbit brain 70/178, from the slope of the line joining the origin to the point of intersection of the mean ratios of coumarin/normal prothrombin times when the ratios obtained with the two thromboplastins on the same fresh plasmas were plotted against each other. From previous evidence, the slopes were calculated which would have been obtained against the NIBS&C “research standard” thromboplastin 67/40, and termed the “calibration constant” of each thromboplastin. Values obtained from the freeze-dried coumarin plasmas gave generally similar results to those from fresh plasmas for all thromboplastins, whereas values from the artificial plasmas agreed with those from fresh plasmas only when similar thromboplastins were being compared.Taking into account the slopes of the calibration lines and the variation between laboratories, precision in obtaining a patient’s prothrombin time was similar for all thromboplastins.

Platelet Suruival and Function in Rats with Enhanced Thrombotic Tendency

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (04) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Delaini ◽  
Elisabetta Dejana ◽  
Ine Reyers ◽  
Elisa Vicenzi ◽  
Germana De Bellis Vitti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thrombotic Tendency

SummaryWe have investigated the relevance of some laboratory tests of platelet function in predicting conditions of thrombotic tendency. For this purpose, we studied platelet survival, platelet aggregation in response to different stimuli, TxB2 and 6-keto-PGFlα production in serum of rats bearing a nephrotic syndrome induced by adriamycin. These animals show a heavy predisposition to the development of both arterial and venous thrombosis. The mean survival time was normal in nephrotic rats in comparison to controls. As to aggregation tests, a lower aggregating response was found in ADR-treated rats using ADP or collagen as stimulating agents. With arachidonic acid (AA) we observed similar aggregating responses at lower A A concentrations, whereas at higher AA concentrations a significantly lower response was found in nephrotic rats, despite their higher TxB2 production. Also TxB2 and 6-keto-PGFlα levels in serum of nephrotic rats were significantly higher than in controls. No consistent differences were found in PGI2-activity generated by vessels of control or nephrotic rats.These data show that platelet function may appear normal or even impaired in rats with a markedly increased thrombotic tendency. On the other hand, the significance of high TxB2 levels in connection with mechanisms leading to thrombus formation remains a controversial issue.

Voronoi Analysis of a Soccer Game

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Random System ◽  
Soccer Game ◽  
Voronoi Polygons ◽  
The Mean

This paper describes a Voronoi analysis method to analyze a soccer game. It is important for us to know the quantitative assessment of contribution done by a player or a team in the game as an individual or collective behavior. The mean numbers of vertices are reported to be 5–6, which is a little less than those of a perfect random system. Voronoi polygons areas can be used in evaluating the dominance of a team over the other. By introducing an excess Voronoi area, we can draw some fruitful results to appraise a player or a team rather quantitatively.

Solid, slightly soluble phosphorus compounds as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment of forest industry wastewaters

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo-Riitta Rantala ◽  
Hannu Wirola
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Mean

The aim of the study was to determine if solid, slightly soluble compounds can be used as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment plants instead of liquid phosphoric acid. Four different solid materials were tested in lab-scale solubility tests to find compounds which are least soluble. Two materials were chosen for further studies: apatite and raw phosphate. The use of apatite and raw phosphate as nutrient source was studied in lab-scale activated sludge reactors along with a control reactor where phosphorus was added in liquid form. The phosphorus dosage, measured as elementary phosphorus, was the same for all three reactors. The reactors were fed with pre-clarified chemi-thermomechanical pulp mill (CTMP) wastewater. There were no significant differences in the reductions of organic matter between the three reactors. The mean effluent concentration of total phosphorus was 3 mg P/l in the control reactor and less than 1 mg P/1 in the other two reactors. The soluble phosphorus concentration was more than 2 mg P/l in the control reactor and less than 0.5 mg P/l in the other two. Apatite was an even better nutrient source than raw phosphate. Further lab-scale tests were conducted using two different grain sizes of apatite. No significant differences were found between the studied grain sizes (<0.074 mm and 0.074 mm-0.125 mm). Apatite was then used in full-scale at a CTMP-mill two different times. The experiments showed that the mean concentrations of phosphorus can be reduced radically by using apatite as a nutrient source instead of liquid phosphorus. Solid phosphorus compounds are a viable alternative to reduce the phosphorus load from forest industry wastewater treatment plants.

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