Response of Four Ornamental Shrubs to Container Substrate Amended with Two Sources of Raw Paper Mill Sludge

Four deciduous ornamental shrubs {`Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid.), `Flaviramea' dogwood (Cornus sericea L.), `Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia ×intermedia Zab.), and `Variegata' weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC.]} were grown in trickle-irrigated containers with 100% pine bark (control) or with 10 other pine-bark-amended media, including two sources [Noranda Forest (NF) and Quebec and Ontario (QO)] of raw paper mill sludge mixed at 15 % or 30% (by volume). All species grew equally well or better in the sludge-amended media than in the control or other nonsludge media. Cotoneaster and forsythia grew more in NF sludge media than in corresponding QO media due primarily to the greater quantities of N and other nutrients released from the NF sludge.

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Compost Based on Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge, Fruit-Vegetable Waste, Mushroom Spent Substrate and Rye Straw Improves Yield and Nutritional Value of Tomato

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy12010013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Agnieszka Zawadzińska ◽

Piotr Salachna ◽

Jacek S. Nowak ◽

Waldemar Kowalczyk ◽

Rafał Piechocki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Vegetable Waste ◽

Pulp And Paper Mill ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Growing Media ◽

Rye Straw

Plant biomass in the form of waste materials and by-products from various industries can be a valuable material for the production of composts and growing media for urban gardening. In this study, pulp and paper mill sludge, fruit-vegetable waste, mushroom spent substrate and rye straw were used to produce compost that was further used as a medium component in container cultivation of tomato. The plants were grown in containers with a capacity of 3 dm3 filled with three types of compost-based growing media supplemented with high peat, fen peat, pine bark and wood fiber. The tomato plants grown in 100% peat substrate served as controls. The plants grown in the compost-enriched media had a higher leaf greening index and percentage of ripe fruit, and exhibited an increased content of total polyphenols and flavonoids, potassium, calcium, magnesium and copper in fruit as compared with the control. The tomatoes grown in a medium consisting of 25% compost, 30% high peat, 15% low peat, 20% pine bark and 10% wood fiber reached the highest fresh fruit weight, total polyphenol content and L-ascorbic acid levels. This study demonstrated that the compost produced from natural materials from various sources was a valuable potting medium supplement with positive effects on tomato yield and nutritional value.

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Raw and Composted Paper Mill Sludges and Municipal Compost in Nursery Substrates

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.818a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 818A-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Calvin Chong* ◽

Peter Purvis

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Municipal Compost ◽

Cornus Alba ◽

Group A ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Weigela Florida ◽

Substrate Group

Silverleaf dogwood (Cornus alba L. `Argenteo-marginata'), forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab. `Lynwood Gold'), and weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.DC. `Red Prince') were grown in #2 (6-L) containers filled with 100% bark or bark mixed with 20%, 40%, or 60% (by vol.) each of raw paper mill sludge (RB group), composted paper mill sludge (CB group), a proprietory paper mill sludge-derived compost (PB group), and municipal compost (MB group). A fifth substrate group (MH) consisted of 100% hemp chips or hemp chips mixed with the same rates of municipal compost. The containers were trickle-irrigated and fertilized with a controlled-release fertilizer. Among the bark-amended groups, growth was highest for dogwood and forsythia with PB, increasing dramatically and peaking at ca. 40% rate (68 and 94 g/plant top dry weight, respectively). Growth of these species was intermediate with MB and CB and least with RB, increasing to rates ≥ 50% in these groups, except for a nonsignificant response of dogwood to RB. Growth of weigela increased equally with PB and MB substrates up to ca. 40% (117 g/plant), but was unresponsive to rates of RB and CB. With the hemp-amended MH group, growth of all three species increased to rates ≥ 50% (62, 93, and 116 g/plant for dogwood, forsythia, and weigela, respectively). Growth of the three species over most rates of all substrate groups was similar to, or exceeded, that in 80% bark: 15% peat: 5% topsoil, a proven nursery mix. Top dry weight of all three species was positively correlated with soluble salts concentrations in the substrates at planting after first irrigation (0.23-1.72 dS·m-1, range over all substrates) and at various intervals during the season.

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Bark- and Peat-amended Spent Mushroom Compost for Containerized Culture of Shrubs

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.7.781 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 781-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Calvin Chong ◽

R.A. Cline ◽

D.L. Rinker

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Spent Mushroom Compost ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Cornus Alba ◽

Horse Manure ◽

Control Growth ◽

Weigela Florida ◽

Ornamental Shrubs

Four deciduous ornamental shrubs [`Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid); Tartarian dogwood (Cornus alba L.); `Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab.); `Variegata' weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.D.C.)] were grown in trickle-fertigated containers. There were eight media consisting of 25% or 50% sphagnum peat or composted pine bark, 25% sand, and the remainder one of two sources of spent mushroom compost; four media with 509″ peat or bark mixed with 50% spent mushroom compost; and a control medium of 10070 pine bark. Initially, higher than desirable salt levels in all compost-amended media were leached quickly (within 2 weeks of planting) and not detrimental to the species tested. Unlike cotoneaster, which showed no difference in growth (shoot dry weight) due to medium, dogwood, forsythia, and weigela grew significantly better in all compost-amended media than in the control. Growth of these three species was 20% greater in peat-based than in bark-based, compost-amended media. Dogwood and forsythia grew slightly more (+8%) with spent mushroom compost based primarily on straw-bedded horse manure than with one based on a blend of straw-bedded horse manure, wheat straw, and hay. The addition of sand (25%) to a mixture of 50% peat or bark and 25 % spent compost produced a medium with minimal compaction.

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Nursery crop response to substrates amended with raw paper mill sludge, composted paper mill sludge and composted municipal waste

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p04-031 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 1127-1134 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Calvin Chong ◽

Peter Purvis

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Yard Waste ◽

Municipal Compost ◽

Cornus Alba ◽

Group A ◽

Weigela Florida

Silverleaf dogwood (Cornus alba L. ‘Argenteo-marginata’), forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab. ‘Lynwood Gold’), and weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.DC. ‘Red Prince’) were grown in #2 (6-L) containers filled with 100% bark or bark mixed with 20, 40 or 60% by volume each of raw paper mill sludge (RB group), Bio Soil compost containing 100% paper mill sludge (BCB group), Waterdown compost containing 40% paper sludge, 40% chicken manure and 20% sawdust (WCB group), and municipal compost consisting of leaf and yard waste (MCB group). A fifth substrate group (MCH) consisted of 100% hemp chips or hemp chips mixed with the same rates of municipal compost. The containers were trickle-irrigated and fertilized with a controlled-release fertilizer. Regression analysis indicated that growth among the barkamended groups was highest for dogwood and forsythia with WCB, increasing dramatically and peaking at about the 40% rate (68 and 94 g plant-1 aboveground dry weight, respectively). Growth of these species was intermediate with MCB and BCB and least with RB, increasing to rates ≥ 50% in these groups. There was no significant response of dogwood to RB. Growth of weigela increased equally with WCB and MCB substrates up to about 40% (117 g plant-1), but was not influenced by varying rates of RB and BCB. With the hemp-amended MCH group, growth of all three species increased to rates ≥ 50% (62, 93, and 116 g plant-1 for dogwood, forsythia and weigela, respectively). Growth of the three species over most rates of all substrate groups was similar to, or exceeded that in 80% bark: 15% peat: 5% topsoil, a proven nursery mix. Aboveground dry weight of all three species was positively correlated with soluble salts concentrations in the substrates sampled at planting and on other sampling dates during the season. Key words: Nursery, ornamentals, waste and compost utilization

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Raw Paper Mill Sludge in A Rooting Medium for Deciduous Woody Cuttings

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.5.869 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 869-871 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Calvin Chong ◽

Bob Hamersma

Keyword(s):

Paper Mill ◽

The Other ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Paper Mill Sludge ◽

Rooting Medium ◽

Cornus Amomum ◽

The Mean ◽

Weigela Florida ◽

Linear Reduction

Stem cuttings of seven deciduous landscape shrubs {silky dogwood (Cornus amomum Mill.), coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench), Peegee hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata Siebold. `Grandiflora'), Bridal-wreath spirea [Spiraea ×vanhoutteii (C. Briot) Zab.], spirea (Spiraea ×bumalda Burv. `Goldmound'), fragrant viburnum (Viburnum farreri Stearn), and weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. `Variegata Nana']} were rooted under mist in 100% perlite (no sludge) medium or in mixtures of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% (v/v) of raw paper mill sludge and perlite. There was a large linear reduction in percent rooting of viburnum (from 80% to 21% with 0% and 60% sludge, respectively) in response to increasing level of sludge. The mean root count per cutting also was significantly decreased, from 14 to 5. However, the length of longest root was unaffected. In contrast, all the other species ranked good to excellent in rooting, regardless of the level of sludge. Differences, if any, in rooting performance were not of practical significance.

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