Inoculation of seeds with Bipolaris sorokiniana and soil fumigation methods to determine wheat and barley tolerance and yield losses caused by common root rot

Wheat and barley plants that are severely infected with common root rot yield less than uninfected ones. Resistant cultivars usually have fewer diseased plants but some cultivars show tolerance as no yield loss occurs even though many plants display disease symptoms. This study assessed disease severity and yield loss due to common root rot in cultivars of wheat and barley by two techniques: i) sowing infested seed in soils with low inoculum levels of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoem., and ii) planting healthy seed in soil treated with the fumigants, metam and basamid. Infested seed exhibited reduced emergence, increased disease severity, but plot yield was not significantly affected compared with uninfested seed. The average yield loss or gain from seed treatment amongst all selections of wheat and barley was not significantly different. Losses were of the same magnitude (11.1% in barley, 6.2% in wheat) as reported in other studies. Soil fumigation reduced levels of B. sorokiniana in soil and disease severity. It also led to increased nutrient levels in soil and plant tissues, plant height, and plot yields by 16–29% compared with untreated areas. Tolerance to common root rot was exhibited by BW632, Virden, and Melvin. These losses are higher than reported in other studies which suggests yield loss may be underestimated or that common root rot is only one component of a root problem complex being affected by fumigants. Key words: Common root rot, loss, tolerance, seed inoculation, fumigation

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The effects of fumigation, rotation with lupins, and nitrogen application on plant growth and common root rot of wheat at Geraldton, Western Australia

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9900619 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 619 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

JM Wilson ◽

J Hamblin

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Root Rot ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Field Trials ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Soil Nitrate ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Common Root ◽

Common Root Rot

The effects of soil fumigation (98% methyl bromide + 2% chloropicrin at 580 kg/ha) and N fertilizer (0, 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 kg N/ha) were examined in field trials on continuous wheat and wheat in rotation with lupins on the Geraldton sandplain. Fumigation increased grain yields at N fertilizer levels more or =25 kg/ha and was associated with reduced incidence and severity of common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana)[Cochliobolus sativus]. Grain yield was not significantly affected by rotation. Fumigation increased soil ammonium levels and decreased soil nitrate levels. Rotation of wheat and lupins increased mid-season growth at all levels of applied N but only increased grain yield where no N was applied.

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Assessment of yield loss caused by common root rot in wheat cultivars in Queensland

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9920043 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

GB Wildermuth ◽

RD Tinline ◽

RB McNamara

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Root Rot ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Grain Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Common Root ◽

Common Root Rot

The effects of common root rot (CRR) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana on grain yield, number of tillers, number of grains and grain weight of wheat plants were determined in four field experiments. Sites with different soil populations of B. sorokiniana were selected and inoculum of the fungus added to some plots. Disease and yield measurements were made on eight cultivars and lines differing in susceptibility to CRR. Timgalen, Songlen and Hartog were susceptible whereas Kite, 1008 C16, 141-4 and ISWYN 32 were partially resistant to CRR. Grain yield, tiller and grain number, but not grain weight decreased as disease severity increased. Diseased plants had lower tiller numbers than healthy ones and as a consequence a reduced number of grains and grain yield per plant. Five methods were compared for estimating yield loss caused by the disease. Polynomial regression equations for each cultivar between yield and disease rating of sub-crown internodes or multiple regression equations between yield and disease parameters of sub-crown internodes or tiller bases were established. A third method involved the projection of yield losses from one cultivar to other cultivars and in a fourth method yield losses were estimated from actual yields. In addition, an equation Yield loss (%) = 3 46 + 0.23 disease severity) (%) was established in one experiment and used as a fifth method in the other experiments. Yield losses estimated by methods 1 and 2 were similar and higher than those from the other methods. In areas where disease severity is high, methods 1 and 5 appear to be the most suitable for determining yield losses. Losses in a susceptible cultivar, Timgalen, varied between 13.9 and 23.9% whereas those in a partially resistant cultivar, 1008 C16, varied between 6.8 and 13.6%.

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Relationship Among Seed Size, Planting Date, and Common Root Rot in Hard Red Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.9.973 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (9) ◽

pp. 973-976 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Piccinni ◽

J. M. Shriver ◽

C. M. Rush

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Seed Size ◽

Root Rot ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Planting Date ◽

Common Root ◽

Common Root Rot ◽

Hard Red Winter Wheat ◽

Red Winter Wheat

A dryland field study was conducted to determine the effect of seed size and planting date of hard red winter wheat on the severity of common root rot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker. Seed of cvs. Hawk, TAM 200, TAM 107, Scout 66, and Siouxland 89 were separated into three size categories of small, mixed, and large and were planted in the first weeks of September and October 1994 and 1995. Disease ratings for incidence and severity of subcrown internode infections were made in March and at harvest. At harvest, grain yields were collected. In both years of the study, there was no interaction between seed size and cultivars for any of the measured variables. Overall, seed size had no effect on disease severity or grain yield for either year. However, when sorted by planting date, plants from small seed yielded less than plants from other seed. October plantings showed lower disease indices than September plantings at the March evaluation. At the harvest disease evaluation, there were no differences in disease severity between planting dates for the first year but, in the second year of the study, plants from the October planting had lower disease than those from the September planting. There was no significant correlation among seed size, final yield, and disease index. The results of this study suggest that the expense of planting higher-quality certified seed cannot be justified for producing hard red winter wheat in dryland conditions in the Texas Panhandle, considering the current price of wheat and the average dryland yield.

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The epidemiology of common root rot in Manitou wheat: disease progression during the growing season

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b74-227 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 1757-1764 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

P. R. Verma ◽

R. A. A. Morrall ◽

R. D. Tinline

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Plant Development ◽

Root Rot ◽

Growing Season ◽

Cochliobolus Sativus ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Common Root ◽

Common Root Rot ◽

Disease Rating

Common root rot in Triticum aestivum cultivar Manitou caused primarily by Cochliobolus sativus was followed during plant development in 1969, 1970, and 1971 at Matador, Saskatchewan. Plants were sampled at intervals, and three variables based mainly on the occurrence of lesions on subcrown internodes were studied: number of diseased plants per square meter; percentage of diseased plants; and disease rating which integrated percentage of diseased plants and disease severity on each plant. All variables increased with time, and the progression curves in all 3 years were hyperbolic, indicating that the increases were like those of a simple interest disease as described by Van der Plank. In two of the years, almost 100% of the plants were diseased considerably before the end of the season. The transformation proposed by Van der Plank for simple interest diseases, log10[1/(1 − x)], was applied to the percentages of diseased plants, and regressions were calculated. The slopes of these lines (infection rates) were as follows: 1969, 0.99% plants per day; 1970, 1.32%; and 1971, 1.96%. In 1969 the onset of disease was later than in 1970 and 1971, and there was correspondingly less disease at the end of the growing season.

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Antagonistic Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XZ34-1 for Controlling Bipolaris sorokiniana and Promoting Growth in Wheat

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10111526 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1526

Author(s):

Yanjie Yi ◽

Youtian Shan ◽

Shifei Liu ◽

Yanhui Yang ◽

Yang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Root Rot ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Common Root ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Common Root Rot

Common root rot, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is one of the most prevalent diseases of wheat and has led to major declines in wheat yield and quality worldwide. Here, strain XZ34-1 was isolated from soil and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on the morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence. Culture filtrate (CF) of strain XZ34-1 showed a high inhibition rate against B.sorokiniana and had a broad antifungal spectrum. It also remarkably inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of B. sorokiniana. In pot control experiments, the incidence and disease index of common root rot in wheat seedlings were decreased after treatment with CF, and the biological control efficacy was significant, up to 78.24%. Further studies showed XZ34-1 could produce antifungal bioactive substances and had the potential of promoting plant growth. Lipopeptide genes detection with PCR indicated that strain XZ34-1 may produce lipopeptides. Furthermore, activities of defense-related enzymes were enhanced in wheat seedlings after inoculation with B.sorokiniana and treatment with CF, which showed induced resistance could be produced in wheat to resist pathogens. These results reveal that strain XZ34-1 is a promising candidate for application as a biological control agent against B.sorokiniana.

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The effect of common root rot on components of grain yield in Manitou wheat

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b76-310 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 54 (24) ◽

pp. 2888-2892 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

P. R. Verma ◽

R. A. A. Morrall ◽

R. D. Tinline

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Root Rot ◽

Major Effect ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Cochliobolus Sativus ◽

Common Root ◽

Common Root Rot

The effects of common root rot (Cochliobolus sativus) on components of grain yield in naturally infected Triticum aestivum cultivar Manitou were studied at Matador, Saskatchewan, by sampling plants at maturity in 1969, 1970, and 1971. Plants were sorted into severe (SE), moderate (MO), slight (SL), and clean (CL) categories based mainly on the extent of lesions on the subcrown internodes. The number of tillers per plant, the number and weight of grains per head, the weight per head, and the 1000-kernel weight in each category were determined. Increasing values of all five components were consistently associated with decreasing disease severity. SE was mostly significantly different from the other three categories in all components except 1000-kernel weight; differences between SL and MO were usually non-significant. CL and SL were mostly significantly different for the number of tillers per plant and weight per head but non-significant for the weight and number of grains per head and 1000-kernel weight. Apparently, the major effect of common root rot was to reduce the number of tillers per plant and number of grains per head.

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Resistance to soil-borne diseases of wheat: Contributions from the wheatgrasses Thinopyrum intermedium and Th. ponticum

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps07002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 195-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hongjie Li ◽

R. L. Conner ◽

T. D. Murray

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Root Rot ◽

Vascular System ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Thinopyrum Intermedium ◽

Common Root ◽

Chromosome Addition ◽

Common Root Rot ◽

Oculimacula Yallundae

Eyespot, Cephalosporium stripe, and common root rot are soil-borne diseases that damage the stem bases, vascular system, subcrown internodes,and roots of wheat. Resistance in wheat to these diseases is insufficient to prevent significant yield loss when disease is severe. The wheatgrasses Thinopyrum intermedium and Th. ponticum are highly resistant to these diseases. Identification of disease-resistant wheat-Thinopyrum partial amphiploids, chromosome addition, substitution, and translocation lines makes them a valuable source of resistance genes for wheat breeding programs. Single chromosomes or chromosome segments containing resistance genes can be transferred into wheat to produce genetic stocks that afford a better understanding of the genetic control of resistance in wheatgrasses and new genetic resources for wheat improvement. Resistance to eyespot in Th. intermedium and Th. ponticum was associated with the homoeologous group 4 chromosomes, whereas resistance to Cephalosporium stripe was controlled by genes located on chromosomes 3 and 6 of Th. ponticum. Despite the fact that some eyespot- and common root rot-resistant wheat-Thinopyrum lines have blue kernels, resistance is not tightly linked to the blue aleurone trait. Key words: Thinopyrum intermedium, Th. ponticum, eyespot, Cephalosporium stripe, common root rot, Oculimacula yallundae, O. acuformis, Cephalosporium gramineum, Bipolaris sorokiniana

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Distribution and Prevalence of Fusarium Crown Rot and Common Root Rot Pathogens of Wheat in Montana

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-10-0795 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

pp. 1099-1108 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Ernesto A. Moya-Elizondo ◽

Lisa J. Rew ◽

Barry J. Jacobsen ◽

Andrew C. Hogg ◽

Alan T. Dyer

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Common Root ◽

Fusarium Crown Rot ◽

Common Root Rot ◽

Isolation Methods ◽

First Time

Distribution of Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and common root rot (CRR) pathogens associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in 91 fields in Montana were determined during the 2008 and 2009 crop seasons using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional isolation methods. Correlations (P < 0.001) were found between detection methods for both diseases. FCR was detected in 57% of the fields and CRR was detected in 93% of the fields surveyed. Percent incidence based on isolation from individual tillers was Bipolaris sorokiniana (15%), F. culmorum (13%), and F. pseudograminearum (8%). FCR populations were highly variable across the regions and were not detected in any fields from the Gb5 soil types of Judith Basin and Fergus counties. The spatial distributions of FCR and CRR were affected by elevation, soil type, and temperature. High FCR populations were associated with spring wheat crops rather than winter wheat based on qPCR (P < 0.001). FCR and CRR could produce yield losses in a range of 3 to 35%. This study is the first time that qPCR was used to survey these two pathogen groups, and the merits and weakness of qPCR relative to traditional isolation methods are discussed.

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Lack of Relationship Between Susceptibility to Common Root Rot and Drought Tolerance Among Several Closely Related Wheat Lines

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2000.84.1.25 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 25-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. Piccinni ◽

C. M. Rush ◽

K. M. Vaughn ◽

M. D. Lazar

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Root Rot ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Disease Index ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Common Root ◽

Plant Introductions ◽

Common Root Rot ◽

Wheat Lines

Common root rot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a disease of wheat associated with plant stress. Three cultivars (Siouxland, TAM 200, and TAM 107) and several hard red winter wheat lines closely related to TAM 107, but known to differ with respect to drought tolerance, were included in a 2-year dryland field study to evaluate whether observed variation in drought tolerance was associated with susceptibility to B. sorokiniana. Untreated seed of each entry or seed treated with imazalil was planted in soil naturally infested with B. sorokiniana. Plants were evaluated at jointing and at harvest. Disease incidence and severity, number of plants, number of heads, and grain weight per meter were evaluated. Grain weight and number of heads of individual plants were recorded in order to correlate disease rating of each plant with yield components. Plot yield and test weight also were measured. There were significant entry by seed treatment interactions for number of heads per plant, grain weight per plant, and grain weight per meter. A year by treatment interaction was found for the jointing disease index, and plants grown from seed treated with imazalil had a significantly lower disease index than those grown from nontreated seed. Observed drought tolerance among the three varieties and eight closely related plant introductions was not associated with disease susceptibility to common root rot.

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