The Generalized Equations of Bisymmetry Associativity and Transitivity on Quasigroups

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Taylor

The generalized equations of bisymmetry, associativity and transitivity are, respectively,(1)(x1y)2(z3u) = (x4z)5(y6u)(2)(x1y)2z = x3(y4z)(3)(x1z)2(y3z) = x4y.The numbers 1, 2, 3,…, 6 represent binary operations and x, y, z and u are taken freely from certain sets.We shall be concerned with the cases in which x, y, z, and u are from the same set and each operation is a quasigroup operation. Under these conditions the solution of all three equations is known [1], [2]; equations (1) and (3) having been reduced to the form of (2) and a solution of (2) being given. We wish to present a new approach to these equations which we feel has the advantages that the equations may be resolved independently, the motivation behind the proof is clear, and the method lends itself to application on algebraic structures weaker than quasigroups. (Details of these generalizations will be given elsewhere.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tahir Mahmood

The notion of bipolar soft sets has already been defined, but in this article, the notion of bipolar soft sets has been redefined, called T-bipolar soft sets. It is shown that the new approach is more close to the concept of bipolarity as compared to the previous ones, and further it is discussed that so far in the study of soft sets and their generalizations, the concept introduced in this manuscript has never been discussed earlier. We have also discussed the operational laws of T-bipolar soft sets and their basic properties. In the end, we have deliberated the algebraic structures associated with T-bipolar soft sets and the applications of T-bipolar soft sets in decision-making problems.


1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (27) ◽  
pp. 1977-1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MANGANO ◽  
G. MIELE ◽  
C. STORNAIOLO

We extend a previous analysis concerning cosmological fluids with generalized equations of state in order to study inflationary scenarios. In the framework of the slow-roll approximation we find the expressions for the perturbation parameters ε, η and the density perturbation spectra in terms of the adiabatic index γ(a) as a function of the universe scale factor. This connection allows one to find straightforwardly γ(a) corresponding, for example, to the simplest chaotic model and to the Harrison-Zeldovich potential and shows its capability to be applied to more complicated situations. Finally, we use this description to develop a new approach to the early universe dynamics, based on a 1/N expansion, where N is the e-fold number. To this end, we introduce a set of suitable dimensionless variables and show that at the zeroth order in /1N, an improved slow-roll approximation is obtained.


Author(s):  
José Ramón Játem Lásser

  In this article we have presented a new approach to define algebras using for a natural number k ≥ 2, the set of natural numbers in base k, none of their digits equal to zero. The study was developed in the context of vector R -spaces and the vector space definitions of the formal multiples of any element x of the field R, of the direct sum of vector spaces and binary operations on vector spaces were used. The results obtained were the construction of a vector space denoted by V, on the basis of the particular set of natural numbers in base k mentioned, which allowed novel ways of defining the well-known and very important algebras of complex numbers and that of quaternions on R as quotients of ideals of V, for suitably chosen ideals I. With this new approach and with the help of the vector spaces V, known algebras can be presented in a different way than those found up to now, by using certain ideals of those spaces in their quotient form. The spaces V can be over any field K and other algebras such as Clifford algebras can be constructed using this procedure.   Keywords: Algebras, Quotients in algebras, Complex numbers and quaternions as quotients of algebras.   Abstract En este artículo se ha presentado un nuevo enfoque para definir álgebras usando para un número natural k ≥ 2, el conjunto de números naturales en base k, ninguno de sus dígitos iguales a cero. El estudio se desarrolló en el contexto de los R-espacios vectoriales y se usaron las definiciones de espacio vectorial de los múltiplos formales de un elemento cualquiera x del cuerpo R, de la suma directa de espacios vectoriales y operaciones binarias sobre espacios vectoriales. Los resultados obtenidos fueron la construcción de un espacio vectorial denotado por V, sobre la base del particular conjunto de números naturales en base k mencionado, que permitió novedosas formas de definir las conocidas y muy importantes álgebras de los números complejos y la de los cuaterniones sobre R como cocientes de ideales de V, para ideales I convenientemente elegidos. Con este nuevo enfoque y con la ayuda de los espacios vectoriales V se pueden presentar álgebras conocidas de manera distinta a las encontradas hasta ahora, al usar en su forma de cociente ciertos ideales de esos espacios V. Los espacios V pueden ser sobre cualquier cuerpo K y otras álgebras como las álgebras de Clifford se pueden construir usando este procedimiento.   Palabras claves: Algebras, cocientes en álgebras, Números complejos y quaterniones como cocientes en álgebras.  


1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3609-3623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Aldaya ◽  
Manuel Calixto ◽  
Miguel Navarro

Quantizing the electromagnetic field with a group formalism faces the difficulty of how to turn the traditional gauge transformation of the vector potential, Aμ(x) → Aμ(x) + ∂μ φ (x), into a group law. In this paper, it is shown that the problem can be solved by looking at gauge transformations in a slightly different manner which, in addition, does not require introducing any BRST-like parameter. This gauge transformation does not appear explicitly in the group law of the symmetry but rather as the trajectories associated with generalized equations of motion generated by vector fields with null Noether invariants. In the new approach the parameters of the local group, U (1)(x,t), acquire dynamical content outside the photon mass shell, a fact which also allows a unified quantization of both the electromagnetic and Proca fields.


2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 305-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tian ◽  
Yong Shao ◽  
Xianzhong Zhao

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite alphabet and [Formula: see text] the set of all words over [Formula: see text]. A subword-free language (also known as a hypercode) is an independent subset of [Formula: see text] with respect to the embedding order (denoted by [Formula: see text]) on [Formula: see text]. In this paper we introduce three subsets of the partial order [Formula: see text], and study three subclasses of languages defined by these subsets. They are out subword-free languages, left subword-free languages and right subword-free languages. The properties of these languages are established for determining their combinatorial and algebraic structures. By equipping them with two binary operations, respectively, all these classes of languages form semilattice-ordered semigroups. It is shown that they are freely generated by [Formula: see text] in three subvarieties of semilattice-ordered semigroups, respectively. It is also shown that the word problems for these free algebras are solvable.


1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Freymann ◽  
R. Stryczek ◽  
H. Spannheimer

A new approach, based on Lagrange's energy equations, is described for the derivation of the generalized equations of motion of coupled structural-acoustic systems. Furthermore attention is given to consideration of the acoustic properties of sound absorbing materials and damping pads in the generalized formulation of the coupled equations of motion.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3025-3033

Problems from real life situations related to multiple agents n  5 and Big data are efficiently solved by Computational Mathematics using N-Dimensional Polar information. This information cannot be well-represented by means of fuzzy matrices or bipolar fuzzy matrices. Therefore, mpolar fuzzy matrix theory is applied to graphs to describe the relationships among several individuals. In this paper, some operations are defined to formulate these matrices. we proved the properties of m-polar fuzzy matrices by exploiting the binary operations ring sum (  ) and ring subtraction ( ). In addition to this we also extended various operations such as reflexive, irreflexive, maximum and minimum for the idea of m-polar fuzzy matrices.


1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Gy. Szabó ◽  
K. Sárneczky ◽  
L.L. Kiss

AbstractA widely used tool in studying quasi-monoperiodic processes is the O–C diagram. This paper deals with the application of this diagram in minor planet studies. The main difference between our approach and the classical O–C diagram is that we transform the epoch (=time) dependence into the geocentric longitude domain. We outline a rotation modelling using this modified O–C and illustrate the abilities with detailed error analysis. The primary assumption, that the monotonity and the shape of this diagram is (almost) independent of the geometry of the asteroids is discussed and tested. The monotonity enables an unambiguous distinction between the prograde and retrograde rotation, thus the four-fold (or in some cases the two-fold) ambiguities can be avoided. This turned out to be the main advantage of the O–C examination. As an extension to the theoretical work, we present some preliminary results on 1727 Mette based on new CCD observations.


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