Giving patients choices: AstraZeneca’s evolving approach to patient-centric sampling

Bioanalysis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 957-970
Author(s):  
Christopher Bailey ◽  
Cecilia Arfvidsson ◽  
Lynsey Woodford ◽  
Miné de Kock
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Patient Choice ◽  
Modeling Approaches ◽  
Collaborative Working ◽  
Bridging Studies ◽  
Composite Data ◽  
Patient Centric

This paper shares experiences and learning from introducing patient-centric sampling (PCS) into AstraZeneca trials. Through two case studies we show how modeling approaches can assist pharmacokinetic (PK) bridging studies accounting for blood partitioning and hematocrit and how reduced PK sampling schedules, profiles constructed from composite data (plasma & dry blood) and combined assays (PK & pharmacodynamic) can all reduce patient sampling burden without impacting study outcomes. Following sharing some clinical operational challenges, we finally highlight some key requirements for implementing a patient-centric sampling strategy such as collaborative working across organizational silos, continuous patient engagement throughout the study life cycle and accepting that if the aim is to give patient choice, then one solution (device, procedure and design) will not fit all.

Software-driven Security Attacks: From Vulnerability Sources to Durable Hardware Defenses

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Lauren Biernacki ◽  
Mark Gallagher ◽  
Zhixing Xu ◽  
Misiker Tadesse Aga ◽  
Austin Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Security Attacks ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Hardware Realization ◽  
Over Time

There is an increasing body of work in the area of hardware defenses for software-driven security attacks. A significant challenge in developing these defenses is that the space of security vulnerabilities and exploits is large and not fully understood. This results in specific point defenses that aim to patch particular vulnerabilities. While these defenses are valuable, they are often blindsided by fresh attacks that exploit new vulnerabilities. This article aims to address this issue by suggesting ways to make future defenses more durable based on an organization of security vulnerabilities as they arise throughout the program life cycle. We classify these vulnerability sources through programming, compilation, and hardware realization, and we show how each source introduces unintended states and transitions into the implementation. Further, we show how security exploits gain control by moving the implementation to an unintended state using knowledge of these sources and how defenses work to prevent these transitions. This framework of analyzing vulnerability sources, exploits, and defenses provides insights into developing durable defenses that could defend against broader categories of exploits. We present illustrative case studies of four important attack genealogies—showing how they fit into the presented framework and how the sophistication of the exploits and defenses have evolved over time, providing us insights for the future.

A systematic review of life cycle assessment of hydrogen for road transport use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyah Ika Rinawati ◽  
Alexander Ryota Keeley ◽  
Shutaro Takeda ◽  
Shunsuke Managi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Hybrid Lca ◽  
Complete Life Cycle

Abstract This study conducted a systematic literature review of the technical aspects and methodological choices in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of using hydrogen for road transport. More than 70 scientific papers published during 2000–2021 were reviewed, in which more than 350 case studies of use of hydrogen in the automotive sector were found. Only some studies used hybrid LCA and energetic input-output LCA, whereas most studies addressed attributional process-based LCA. A categorization based on the life cycle scope distinguished case studies that addressed the well-to-tank (WTT), well-to-wheel (WTW), and complete life cycle approaches. Furthermore, based on the hydrogen production process, these case studies were classified into four categories: thermochemical, electrochemical, thermal-electrochemical, and biochemical. Moreover, based on the hydrogen production site, the case studies were classified as centralized, on-site, and on-board. The fuel cell vehicle passenger car was the most commonly used vehicle. The functional unit for the WTT studies was mostly mass or energy, and vehicle distance for the WTW and complete life cycle studies. Global warming potential (GWP) and energy consumption were the most influential categories. Apart from the GREET (Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation) model and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for assessing the GWP, the Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden method was most widely used in other impact categories. Most of the articles under review were comparative LCA studies on different hydrogen pathways and powertrains. The findings provide baseline data not only for large-scale applications, but also for improving the efficiency of hydrogen use in road transport.

scholarly journals Strategies to Improve the Energy Performance of Buildings: A Review of Their Life Cycle Impact

Buildings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia MIRABELLA ◽  
Martin RÖCK ◽  
Marcella Ruschi Mendes SAADE ◽  
Carolin SPIRINCKX ◽  
Marc BOSMANS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Operational Energy

Globally, the building sector is responsible for more than 40% of energy use and it contributes approximately 30% of the global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This high contribution stimulates research and policies to reduce the operational energy use and related GHG emissions of buildings. However, the environmental impacts of buildings can extend wide beyond the operational phase, and the portion of impacts related to the embodied energy of the building becomes relatively more important in low energy buildings. Therefore, the goal of the research is gaining insights into the environmental impacts of various building strategies for energy efficiency requirements compared to the life cycle environmental impacts of the whole building. The goal is to detect and investigate existing trade-offs in current approaches and solutions proposed by the research community. A literature review is driven by six fundamental and specific research questions (RQs), and performed based on two main tasks: (i) selection of literature studies, and (ii) critical analysis of the selected studies in line with the RQs. A final sample of 59 papers and 178 case studies has been collected, and key criteria are systematically analysed in a matrix. The study reveals that the high heterogeneity of the case studies makes it difficult to compare these in a straightforward way, but it allows to provide an overview of current methodological challenges and research gaps. Furthermore, the most complete studies provide valuable insights in the environmental benefits of the identified energy performance strategies over the building life cycle, but also shows the risk of burden shifting if only operational energy use is focused on, or when a limited number of environmental impact categories are assessed.

scholarly journals Blockchain in Health Care Innovation: Literature Review and Case Study From a Business Ecosystem Perspective (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuchih Ernest Chang ◽  
YiChian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Business Ecosystem ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Blockchain technology is leveraging its innovative potential in various sectors and its transformation of business-related processes has drawn much attention. Topics of research interest have focused on medical and health care applications, while research implications have generally concluded in system design, literature reviews, and case studies. However, a general overview and knowledge about the impact on the health care ecosystem is limited. OBJECTIVE This paper explores a potential paradigm shift and ecosystem evolution in health care utilizing blockchain technology. METHODS A literature review with a case study on a pioneering initiative was conducted. With a systematic life cycle analysis, this study sheds light on the evolutionary development of blockchain in health care scenarios and its interactive relationship among stakeholders. RESULTS Four stages—birth, expansion, leadership, and self-renewal or death—in the life cycle of the business ecosystem were explored to elucidate the evolving trajectories of blockchain-based health care implementation. Focused impacts on the traditional health care industry are highlighted within each stage to further support the potential health care paradigm shift in the future. CONCLUSIONS This paper enriches the existing body of literature in this field by illustrating the potential of blockchain in fulfilling stakeholders’ needs and elucidating the phenomenon of coevolution within the health care ecosystem. Blockchain not only catalyzes the interactions among players but also facilitates the formation of the ecosystem life cycle. The collaborative network linked by blockchain may play a critical role on value creation, transfer, and sharing among the health care community. Future efforts may focus on empirical or case studies to validate the proposed evolution of the health care ecosystem.

scholarly journals Evaluation Method of Mechanical Recycling and Case Studies Based on Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru FUJII ◽  
Seiji HASHIMOTO ◽  
Keisuke NANSAI ◽  
Shinsuke MURAKAMI ◽  
Rokuta INABA, ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Recycling

Construction of Agri-Environmental Data Using Computational Methods

2011 ◽  
pp. 727-748
Author(s):  
Susumu Uchida ◽  
Kiyotada Hayashi ◽  
Masaei Sato ◽  
Shingo Hokazono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Japanese Case ◽  
Database Construction

Increased public focus on agri-environmental issues and recent policies on agricultural sustainability have necessitated the construction of a life cycle inventory (LCI) database for agricultural production systems. However, the current progress of LCI database construction is far from being complete in both developed and developing countries. In this chapter, an integrated view for a data-construction methodology for agri-environmental assessment is proposed. The applications of computational methods to the construction processes are also proposed, with a special focus on Japanese case studies. After discussing the methods for construction, the implications of LCI construction are presented, which includes the following issues: how to make a transition to sustainability, and how to achieve informed and science-based policy decisions by increasing the applicability of life cycle assessment and the level of preparedness. The Japanese case studies should support assessment and decisions in developed and developing countries.

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