scholarly journals Auxin as an inducer of asymmetrical division generating the subsidiary cells in stomatal complexes ofZea mays

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e984531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Livanos ◽  
Eleni Giannoutsou ◽  
Panagiotis Apostolakos ◽  
Basil Galatis
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Asymmetrical Division ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

Preprophase Microtubule Bands in Some Abnormal Mitotic Cells of Wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-420
Author(s):  
J. D. PICKETT-HEAPS
Keyword(s):  
Preprophase Band ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Asymmetrical Division ◽  
Wheat Tissues ◽  
Size Of Nuclei

Caffeine treatment of growing wheat tissues was used to form binucleate or polyploid cells; preprophase microtubules in subsequent division cycles in these and some other abnormal cells were then examined. In root tips, binucleate cells or those with greatly enlarged nuclei usually contained one transverse preprophase band of microtubules; sometimes this was slightly asymmetrical or skew, and less commonly two bands were seen. In coleoptile vascular bundles, there were generally two or more bands in the greatly elongated cells, these sometimes appearing in different planes. During formation of the stomatal complexes, preprophase microtubules were almost invariably found where expected, preceding abnormal development both in untreated and also in caffeine-treated material, regardless of the number, disposition or size of nuclei. This occurred even when wall stumps, formed during a previous abortive division, indicated that that previous division was also asymmetrical. It is concluded that the position(s) of preprophase band(s) of microtubules is not particularly influenced by the nucleus or nuclei, being more susceptible to external morphogenetic influences which can persist for some considerable time. Particularly in the case of stomatal complexes, a cell wall seems necessary to seal off or otherwise fulfil the tendency towards asymmetrical division.

scholarly journals A simple method for exogenously phytohormone application to the protodermal areas in the base of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieping Li ◽  
Xinlei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Asymmetrical Division ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

Abstract Background: The maize leaf epidermis is function as protection against water loss and gas exchange, contacting the environment and avoiding the damage, which is an attractive system for studying the process of cell fate and development. In monocots, leaves epidermis grown from basal meristem, which contains protodermal cells. The leaf protoderm zone was covered by the leaf sheath or coleoptile in maize, the classic exogenously phytohormone application method, such as spraying on leaf surface or adding in the culture media can’t apply the phytohormone to the protoderm areas directly, which restricts the research about phytohormone effect epidermal development.Results: Here we described a simple and direct method for exogenously application of phytohormone to maize leaf protoderm. We use the auxin analogs 2,4-D to test the system, and the asymmetrical division events which initial stomata development were decreased and the subsidiary cells were induced in advance after 2,4-D treatment. This result was the same as other similar studies’ results, indicated that the method is suitable for been used for application phytohormone to the maize leaf protodermal areas.Conclusions: The method, applied hormones on the mesocotyls of the maize seedlings, is simple and direct. Only a small amount of externally applied substances is required to complete this experiment through this method. The entire experiment process just last 10 days generally and it is easy to survey the phytohormone's effect on the epidermis development.

Staurocytic Stomatal Complexes in Species of Monocalyptus sensu Carr and Carr (Eucalyptus, Myrtaceae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Carr ◽  
SGM Carr
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

Adult leaves of the species of five groups of eucalypts, previously thought to be related on grounds of comparative morphology, especially of the flower, are shown to have stomatal complexes conforming to the type, rare among angiosperms, known as staurocytic. They develop from anisocytic complexes, typical of the seedling leaves. Adults leaves of many of the species have complexes with mostly four or five subsidiary cells. The spectrum of frequencies of subsidiary cells may be characteristic of individual species.

Development of the Stomatal Complexes During Ontogeny in Eucalyptus and Angophora (Myrtaceae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Carr ◽  
SGM Carr
Keyword(s):  
Mother Cell ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Simple Pattern ◽  
Sister Cell ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Guard Mother Cell ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Seedling Leaf

The mode of stomatal development is studied in cotyledons, seedling and adult leaves of species of eucalypts and three species of Angophora. In the cotyledons of all species examined the early stomatal initials are unilabrate or dolabrate. The stomatal initials in seedling leaves of species of the Corymbosae and Clavigerae are anisocytic. In the 4th seedling leaf in species of a group we have previously called Monocalyptus the stomatal initials are also anisocytic. All other eucalypts retain the early cotyledonary mode of origin of stomata throughout life. These two modes of origin, whether anisocytic or by unilabrate and dolabrate initials, are set in all eucalypts from the 4th seedling leaf onward. Secondary characteristics of the adult stomata, e.g. number of subsidiary cells, are more complex than those of the seedling leaves; rarely, the relatively simple pattern of the seedling leaves may persist in the adult leaves of a given species. In species in which the initials in adult leaves are unilabrate or dolabrate, groups of stomata may share one or more subsidiary cells or be juxtaposed without an intervening subsidiary cell. The sister cell(s) of the guard mother cell may precociously develop a thicker cuticle than ordinary epidermal cells, and this may be apparent at maturity. The abaxial stomata of the cotyledons (but not of seedling or adult leaves) are regularly aligned parallel to the main venation. The existence of three main types of origin of stomata characteristic of three large non-interbreeding groups of eucalypts is of interest in the taxonomy of the genus.

Leafy shoots and pollen cones of conifers from the Middle Jurassic deposits of the Irkutsk Coal Basin

Palaeobotany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 5-27
Author(s):  
N. V. Nosova ◽  
A. I. Kiritchkova ◽  
E. I. Kostina
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Leafy Shoots ◽  
Irkutsk Coal Basin ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Pollen Cone

Among the numerous remains of the Jurassic conifers in the Irkutsk Coal Basin, several types of leafy shoots are distinguished. One type is characterized by the leaves with numerous veins. These remains were described as Podozamites irkutensis N. Nosova et Kiritch. (Nosova et al., 2017). The leaves of other types have a midvein. These leafy shoots are attributed to several taxa: Marskea sp. nov. (in press), Elatocladus falcatus (Heer) Prynada, E. heeriana N. Nosova et Kiritch., sp. nov., Elatocladus sp. and Pagiophyllum sp. Elatocladus falcatus (Heer) Prynada, 1962 (=Elatides falcata Heer, 1976) was described from the deposits of the lower subformation of the Prisayan Formation (the Aalenian) of the Ust’-Baley locality. An epidermal structure of the Elatocladus falcatus leaves is unknown. Here we designate the lectotype for E. falcatus. We have studied the leaf epidermal structure of the leafy shoots from the upper subformation of the Prisayan Formation (the Aalenian-Bajocian) in the localities Topka and Vladimirovka. Based on the morphological and epidermal features, we describe a new species Elatocladus heeriana. The shoots of E. heeriana have with helically arranged leaves. The leaves are sessile and dorsoventrally flattened, linear, lanceolate to falcate, with the tip curving toward the apex of the stem, with the broad and decurrent base and acute apex. The leaves are hypostomatic. They are characterized by straight to undulating anticlinal cell walls of the abaxial epidermis near the leaf edge and base. Stomata are arranged in two narrow bands, orientated transversely to irregularly. Subsidiary cells of the stomatal complexes are without papillae. Rare fragments of the Pagiophyllum sp. shoots were found in the deposits of the upper subformation of the Prisayan Formation (the Aalenian–Bajocian) in the localities Olkha and Vladimirovka. Their leaves are falcate, with a median keel on the abaxial side. The bad preservation of the cuticle did not allow us to study the epidermal pattern in details. Stomata are arranged in the bands, orientated irregularly. Subsidiary cells of the stomatal complexes are without papillae. One pollen cone (microstrobilus), attached presumably to the E. heeriana shoot, and several detached pollen cones of Schidolepium gracile Heer (1880) were found. The pollen cones are elongated, with numerous imbricate, helically arranged and dorsoventrally flattened microsporophylls. Sterile part of the microsporophyll expands to the distal lamina with acute apex. Some microsporophylls near the cone base are oval with rounded apex. The numerous microsporangia are visible in the apical part of the mature pollen cone, but a distal lamina of the microsporophylls often is indistinct here. Microsporangia (5–7 per microsporophyll) are elongated, fusiform. Pollen grains are spherical, nonsaccate, with the rugulate-perforate surface, apertures are invisible. The emended diagnosis is provided for the type species S. gracile, as well as the lectotype is designated.

Organelle distribution and cell differentiation in the formation of stomatal complexes in barley

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1623-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Zeiger
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Organelle Movement ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Asymmetrical Divisions ◽  
Interference Phase

Interference – phase contrast observations of leaf epidermis in barley revealed the arrangement of organelles in cells that form stomatal complexes. Organelle movement and alignment were highly correlated with the process of cell division and differentiation that leads to mature stomata. Organelle rearrangement was most marked at the asymmetrical divisions that formed subsidiary cells of stomatal complexes.

scholarly journals Study of epidermis characters and venation of certain species of Medicago L. in Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family in Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-488
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Vertical Walls ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

The anatomical study of the epidermis leaflet for seven species and variety wild belonging to the genus Medicago L. species are: M. constricta Dur., M. coronata L., M. intertexta L., M. intertexta.var. ciliaris L., M. laciniata L., M. lupulina L., M. minima L. and M. sativa L. were studied, The search included epidermis characters and stomatal complexes addition to venation system in leaflets. It is revealed through the study, epidermis leaflet type Amphistomatic (the stomata spread on the upper and lower surface) as well as the presence of three types of stomatal complexes namely: Anisocytic (the guard cells surrounded by three unequal cell size), Anomocytic (not differential from subsidiary cells in epidermis) and Anomotetracytic (four cells surrounding the guard cell is irregular and varied). The results showed variations in dimensions and forms stomata and nature vertical walls and tangent to the upper and lower surfaces. The venation system distinguish by all the species studied as one of the type Simple craspedodromous in this system all secondary veins and branching ends at the margin of the blade leaflets, this found in all species. But there are clear differences in the Areoles shape and type of vienlets and at the ends, where these characters taxonomic and diagnostic value of the task in the species under study.

Leaf micromorphology in Poaceae subtribe Olyrinae (Bambusoideae) and its systematic implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamile Fernandes Lima ◽  
Kelly Regina Batista Leite ◽  
Lynn G Clark ◽  
R Patricia de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Leaf Micromorphology ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Herbaceous Bamboos ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract We analysed the leaf epidermal surfaces of 52 species of herbaceous bamboos belonging to all 20 genera of subtribe Olyrinae (Olyreae). We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) to describe their foliar microcharacters and test the taxonomic utility of these characters in the subtribe. Shape and distribution of silica bodies, presence, type and distribution of papillae on the long cells and subsidiary cells and the presence and distribution of prickles and macrohairs were found to be taxonomically informative, whereas microhairs were not useful in this group. The type of papillae on the abaxial surface had a robust taxonomic value mainly at the generic level, whereas the distribution of these microstructures helped to differentiate some species of Arberella, Cryptochloa, Diandrolyra, Olyra, Piresia and Sucrea. We also confirmed that in some species, papillae associated with the stomata are on the long cells and project over the stomatal complexes, whereas in other species they occur on the subsidiary cells.

A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Isolated Guard Cells

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 454-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dayanandan ◽  
P. B. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Psilotum Nudum ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Welwitschia Mirabilis ◽  
Cycas Revoluta ◽  
Scanning Electron

A three dimensional appreciation of the guard cell morphology coupled with ultrastjuctural studies should lead to a better understanding of their still obscure dynamics of movement. We have found the SEM of great value not only in studies of the surface details of stomata but also in resolving the structures and relationships that exist between the guard and subsidiary cells. We now report the isolation and SEM studies of guard cells from nine genera of plants.Guard cells were isolated from the following plants: Psilotum nudum, four species of Equisetum, Cycas revoluta, Ceratozamia sp., Pinus sylvestris, Ephedra cochuma, Welwitschia mirabilis, Euphorbia tirucalli and Allium cepa.

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