Lithium Treatment in Clinical Medicine: History, Current Status and Future Use

Abstract Since granulocyte transfusions first became widely used in clinical medicine, there have been advances in the treatment of acute leukemia and improvement in prevention and management of infection in neutropenic patients. Improved understanding now exists concerning prognosis of infections in such patients, and advances have been made in procurement of granulocytes. Granulocyte transfusions should be given for specific indications, and used adjunctively to other established antiinfective therapy. Once initiated, transfusions should be given in adequate doses at daily intervals (at least) with ongoing evaluation and periodic reassessment of the whole antiinfective program. Serious complications of granulocyte transfusion therapy are relatively rare, but the physician should be prepared to manage them intelligently. Research continues in discerning exactly how granulocyte transfusion work, in preservation of granulocytes, and in delineation of immunologic phenomena affecting the efficiacy of such therapy. Granulocyte transfusions will continue to be important in the management of acute leukemia, and other reversible bone marrow failure states, and in marrow transplantation and autotransplantation.

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Current status of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the field of gynecological oncology

Journal of Cancer Science and Therapeutics ◽

10.36879/gsl.jcst.2019.000110 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-2

Keyword(s):

Cancer Cells ◽

Immune Checkpoint ◽

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Cell System ◽

Current Status ◽

Living Body ◽

Foreign Objects

In our living body, foreign objects are eliminated by the function of immunity. On the other hand, cancer cells are known to have a mechanism to break the immune cell system that is trying to attack cancer in order to escape from the attack of immune cells. “Immune checkpoint inhibitors” prevent cancer cells from breaking the immune system. Therefore, the “immune checkpoint inhibitor” is a drug that induces the immune function to attack the original cancer. Currently, PD-1 antibody, PD-L1 antibody and CTLA-4 antibody are used in clinical medicine as anti-cancer drugs. In this paper, the authors discuss the clinical use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gynecological tumors.

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History of the concept of ‘levels of evidence’ and their current status in relation to primary prevention through lifestyle interventions

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2003535 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 279-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A Kroke ◽

H Boeing ◽

K Rossnagel ◽

SN Willich

Keyword(s):

Primary Prevention ◽

Clinical Research ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Current Status ◽

Rational Approach ◽

Lifestyle Interventions ◽

Related Factors ◽

Levels Of Evidence ◽

Research Questions

AbstractPrimary prevention is a major option to reduce the burden of chronic disease in populations. Because lifestyle interventions have proved to be effective, lifestyle recommendations including nutritional advice are made abundantly. However, both their credibility and their effectiveness are often considered not to be high. Therefore, scientific evidence should form the basis of recommendations and, as in clinical medicine, a rational approach should be followed for the evaluation of evidence. In this paper, the development and current concepts of ‘levels of evidence’ as they are applied in clinical medicine are outlined and their impact on evidence-based recommendations is discussed. Next, the question is raised as to how far the existing schemes are applicable to the evaluation of issues pertaining to primary prevention through lifestyle changes. Current schemes were developed mainly for clinical research questions and therefore place major emphasis on randomised controlled trials as the main and most convincing evidence in the evaluation process. These types of study are rarely available for lifestyle-related factors and might even not be feasible to obtain. Arguments are advanced to support the notion that a modification of currently existing ‘levels of evidence’ as developed for clinical research questions might be necessary. Thereby, one might be able to accommodate the specific aspects of evidence-related issues of recommendations for primary prevention through lifestyle changes, like dietary changes.

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The use of radioactive substances in medicine — history and development prospects

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl12824 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 59-67

Author(s):

M. S. Sheremeta ◽

A. A. Trukhin ◽

M. O. Korchagina

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Radiation Energy ◽

Medical Specialty ◽

80Th Anniversary ◽

Genomic Technologies ◽

Alpha Emission ◽

Medicine History ◽

Development Prospects

Nuclear medicine (NM) is a medical specialty that uses radionuclides (radioactive tracers) and ionising radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) purposes. Nuclear medicine arose and developed at the intersection of physics, chemistry and clinical medicine. The radiation emitted by radioisotopes can consist of gamma-, beta- and alpha emission, or it’s combination. Radioisotope of choice for medical purposes should have futher requirements: low radiotoxicity, suitable type of radiation, energy and half-life (several minutes to several hours and days), and also convenient detection of gamma ray radiation. The radionuclide is part of radiopharmaceutical (RP) and acts as its indicator. RP accumulates in morphological structures, becomes a carrier of coordinated information from patient to gamma camera or other equipment and reflects the dynamics of processes occurring in the examined organ. In 2021 NM celebrates its 80th anniversary. The trajectory of NM combines modern methods of radiotheranostics and applied genomic and post-genomic technologies.

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Granulocyte transfusions: current status

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v55.1.2.bloodjournal5512 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 2-8

Author(s):

DJ Higby ◽

D Burnett

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Acute Leukemia ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Bone Marrow Failure ◽

Current Status ◽

Granulocyte Transfusion ◽

Transfusion Therapy ◽

Neutropenic Patients ◽

Ongoing Evaluation ◽

Made In

Since granulocyte transfusions first became widely used in clinical medicine, there have been advances in the treatment of acute leukemia and improvement in prevention and management of infection in neutropenic patients. Improved understanding now exists concerning prognosis of infections in such patients, and advances have been made in procurement of granulocytes. Granulocyte transfusions should be given for specific indications, and used adjunctively to other established antiinfective therapy. Once initiated, transfusions should be given in adequate doses at daily intervals (at least) with ongoing evaluation and periodic reassessment of the whole antiinfective program. Serious complications of granulocyte transfusion therapy are relatively rare, but the physician should be prepared to manage them intelligently. Research continues in discerning exactly how granulocyte transfusion work, in preservation of granulocytes, and in delineation of immunologic phenomena affecting the efficiacy of such therapy. Granulocyte transfusions will continue to be important in the management of acute leukemia, and other reversible bone marrow failure states, and in marrow transplantation and autotransplantation.

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Immunotherapy in Clinical Medicine: Historical Perspective and Current Status

Medical Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 421-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Lokesh Shahani ◽

Sushma Singh ◽

Nancy Misri Khardori

Keyword(s):

Historical Perspective ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Current Status

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Current status and tasks of geriatric medicine in Japan from the perspective of education, clinical medicine, and research

Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi Japanese Journal of Geriatrics ◽

10.3143/geriatrics.55.209 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 209-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Clinical Medicine ◽

Geriatric Medicine ◽

Current Status

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Sex-specific and gender-specific aspects in patient-reported outcomes

ESMO Open ◽

10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000837 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (Suppl 4) ◽

pp. e000837

Author(s):

Caroline Hertler ◽

Annina Seiler ◽

Dorothee Gramatzki ◽

Markus Schettle ◽

David Blum

Keyword(s):

Patient Reported Outcomes ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Symptom Burden ◽

Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽

Patient Reported Outcome ◽

Current Status ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Individual Assessment ◽

Patient Reported ◽

And Gender

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are important tools in patient-centred medicine and allow for individual assessment of symptom burden and aspects of patients’ quality of life. While sex and gender differences have emerged in preclinical and clinical medicine, these differences are not adequately represented in the development and use of patient-reported outcome measures. However, even in personalised approaches, undesirable biases may occur when samples are unbalanced for certain characteristics, such as sex or gender. This review summarises the current status of the literature and trends in PROs with a focus on sex and gender aspects.

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Vitamin D Deficiency- Current status and its Impact in Clinical Medicine

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjmed.v28i1.31895 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Quazi Tarikul Islam ◽

Md Robed Amin

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Current Status

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Medicine Jan 2017; 28(1) : 1-3

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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Lung Cancer Treatment: A Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9051362 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1362 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Keisuke Onoi ◽

Yusuke Chihara ◽

Junji Uchino ◽

Takayuki Shimamoto ◽

Yoshie Morimoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Death ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Immune Checkpoint ◽

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Current Status ◽

Lung Cancer Treatment ◽

Checkpoint Molecule

The treatment of lung cancer has changed drastically in recent years owing to the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). A 1992 study reported that programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), an immune checkpoint molecule, is upregulated during the induction of T cell death. Since then, various immunoregulatory mechanisms involving PD-1 have been clarified, and the successful use of PD-1 blockers in anticancer therapy eventually led to the development of the current generation of ICIs. Nivolumab was the first ICI approved for treating lung cancer in 2014. Since then, various ICIs such as pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab have been successively introduced into clinical medicine and have shown remarkable efficacy. The introduction of ICIs constituted a major advancement in lung cancer treatment, but disease prognosis continues to remain low. Therefore, new molecular-targeted therapies coupled with existing anticancer drugs and radiotherapy have recently been explored. This review encompasses the current status, challenges, and future perspectives of ICI treatment in lung cancer.

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