Gut Microbiome Changes with Acute Diarrheal Disease in Urban Versus Rural Settings in Northern Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. Soto-Girón ◽  
Angela Peña-Gonzalez ◽  
Janet K. Hatt ◽  
Lorena Montero ◽  
Maritza Páez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Rural Sites

Previous studies have reported lower fecal bacterial diversity in urban populations compared with those living in rural settings. However, most of these studies compare geographically distant populations from different countries and even continents. The extent of differences in the gut microbiome in adjacent rural versus urban populations, and the role of such differences, if any, during enteric infections remain poorly understood. To provide new insights into these issues, we sampled the gut microbiome of young children with and without acute diarrheal disease (ADD) living in rural and urban areas in northern Ecuador. Shotgun metagenomic analyses of non-ADD samples revealed small but significant differences in the abundance of microbial taxa, including a greater abundance of Prevotella and a lower abundance of Bacteroides and Alistipes in rural populations. Greater and more significant shifts in taxon abundance, metabolic pathway abundance, and diversity were observed between ADD and non-ADD status when comparing urban to rural sites (Welch’s t-test, P < 0.05). Collectively our data show substantial functional, diversity, and taxonomic shifts in the gut microbiome of urban populations with, ADD supporting the idea that the microbiome of rural populations may be more resilient to ADD episodes.

scholarly journals Smear Positive Tuberculosis Cases in Rajshahi District A Comparison Between Rural and Urban Areas

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
W Wasim Hussain ◽  
M Azizul Haque ◽  
Laila Shamima Sharmin ◽  
ARM Saifuddin Ekram ◽  
M Fazlur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
The City

This study was designed to know the case finding of sputum smear positive tuberculosis in Rajshahi district and also to see whether case finding was different in urban and rural settings. Our study reveals that case finding rate of smear positive tuberculosis cases in the city corporation area and rural areas of Rajshahi district are 52% and 28% respectively. Case detection rate of total Rajshahi district was 33%. Stronger efforts are needed to reach the national target of detecting 70% new smear positive TB cases by the end of 2005.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i2.3456   TAJ 2004; 17(2): 104-105

scholarly journals Earthen Architecture in Greece: Traditional Techniques and Revaluation

Heritage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1237-1268
Author(s):  
Αpostolos Mousourakis ◽  
Maria Arakadaki ◽  
Sofoklis Kotsopoulos ◽  
Iordanis Sinamidis ◽  
Tina Mikrou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Earthen Architecture ◽  
Earthen Buildings

A big part of traditional architecture both in rural and urban areas in the Greek territory has been built with raw earth. The aim of this paper is to present earthen buildings’ constructions in Greece and show their important contribution to our heritage. The use of earth as a basic constructing material has given different earthen building cultures and techniques. Earthen construction encloses many varied uses and applications, as walls or as plasters. In different periods of time and historical contexts, from the indigenous inhabitants to the neighborhoods of the refugees of Asia Minor Catastrophe, the earth constructions had a primary role. The existence of earthen architecture was investigated in urban and rural sites in Greece. Building information, documentation, and records of buildings’ design, construction techniques, elements, and systems are presented. Today, there is still a rich architectural heritage throughout the country, which has lasted through the years and withstood seismic activities and poor conservation.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurement of Urban and Rural Single Particles in Beijing, Part I: Chemical Composition and Mixing State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Zhichao Wang ◽  
Chao Peng ◽  
Xiaojiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Sites

Abstract. Two single particle aerosol mass spectrometers (SPAMS) were deployed simultaneously at an urban and a rural site in Beijing during an intensive field campaign from 1st to 29th Nov 2016 to investigate the source and process of airborne particles in Beijing. In the first part of this research, we report the single-particle chemical composition, mixing state, and evolution at both sites. 96 % and 98 % of collected particles were carbonaceous at the urban and rural sites, respectively. Five particle categories, including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), internal-mixed EC and OC (ECOC), potassium-rich (K-rich), and Metals were observed at both sites. The categories were partitioned into particle types depending on different atmospheric processing stages. Seventeen particle types were shared at both sites. In the urban area, nitrate-containing particle types, such as EC-Nit and ECOC-Nit, were enriched, especially at night; sulfate-containing particles were transported when wind speed was high; ECOC-Nit-Sul were mostly local-aged. In sum, these processed particles took up to 85.3 % in the urban areas. In the rural area, regional particles were abundant, but freshly emitted ECOC and OC had distinct patterns that were pronounced at cooking and heating time. Biomass burning, traffic, and coal burning were major sources of PM2.5 in both rural and urban areas. Besides, the particles from the steel industry located in the south were also identified. In summary, the chemical composition of urban and rural particle types was similar in Beijing; the urban particles were influenced significantly by rural processing and transport. The work is useful to understand the evolution of urban and rural particles in Beijing during winter.

scholarly journals Simultaneous measurements of urban and rural particles in Beijing – Part 1: Chemical composition and mixing state

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 9231-9247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Zhichao Wang ◽  
Chao Peng ◽  
Xiaojiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Sites

Abstract. Two single-particle aerosol mass spectrometers (SPAMSs) were deployed simultaneously at an urban and a rural site in Beijing during an intensive field campaign from 1 to 29 November 2016 to investigate the source and process of airborne particles in Beijing. In the first part of this research, we report the single-particle chemical composition, mixing state, and evolution at both sites. A total of 96 % and 98 % of collected particles were carbonaceous at the urban and rural sites, respectively. Five particle categories, including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), internal-mixed EC and OC (ECOC), potassium-rich (K-rich), and metals, were observed at both sites. The categories were partitioned into particle types depending on different atmospheric processing stages. A total of 17 particle types were shared at both sites. In the urban area, nitrate-containing particle types, such as EC-Nit (Nit: nitrate) and ECOC-Nit, were enriched especially at night, sulfate-containing particles were transported when wind speed was high, and ECOC-Nit-Sul (Sul: sulfate) were mostly aged locally. In sum, these processed particles added up to 85.3 % in the urban areas. In the rural area, regional particles were abundant, but freshly emitted ECOC and OC had distinct patterns that were pronounced at cooking and heating times. Biomass burning, traffic, and coal burning were major sources of particulate matter (PM2.5) in both rural and urban areas. Moreover, particles from the steel industry located in the south were also identified. In summary, the chemical composition of urban and rural particle types was similar in Beijing; the urban particles were influenced significantly by rural processing and transport. The work is useful to understand the evolution of urban and rural particles in Beijing during winter.

scholarly journals Changes in Mortality Inequalities in Urban and Rural Populations during 1990–2018: Lithuanian Experience

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Olga Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽  
Ramune Kalediene
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

Background and Objectives: Reduction in health inequalities is a highly important task in public health policies worldwide. In Lithuania, inequalities in mortality by place of residence are among the greatest, compared to other European Union (EU) countries. However, studies on inequalities in mortality by place of residence over a long-term period have not been investigated in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to present changes in mortality inequalities in urban and rural populations during 1990–2018. Materials and Methods: Mortality rates from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, external causes, and gastrointestinal diseases in urban and rural population by sex were calculated per 100,000 populations and were standardized by age. Inequalities in mortality were assessed using rate differences and rate ratio. For the assessment of inequality trends during 1990–2018, the joinpoint regression analysis was applied. Results: Mortality between urban and rural populations varied. In rural areas, mortality lower than that in urban areas was observed only in 1990 among women, in case of mortality from cancer and gastrointestinal diseases (compared with in 2018) (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, and external causes in urban and rural areas was lower than in 1990 in both sexes. However, mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was higher (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from cancer among both sexes was lower only in urban areas (p < 0.05). Mortality inequalities between rural and urban areas decreased statistically significantly only among men from external causes and from all causes (respectively, on average, by 0.52% per year and, on average, by 0.21% per year). Meanwhile, mortality from cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases increased in both sexes, and mortality from cancer and all causes of death increased among women. The increase in the inequalities of mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was the most rapid: among men—on average, by 0.69% per year, and among women—on average, by 1.43% per year, p < 0.0001. Conclusions: During 1990–2018, the inequalities in mortality by place of residence in Lithuania statistically significantly decreased only among men, in terms of mortality from external causes and from all causes. Therefore, reduction in inequalities in mortality must be the main the health policy challenge in Lithuania.

scholarly journals Comparison of the knowledge level of individuals living in rural and urban areas about skin cancer and sun protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2762
Author(s):  
Elif Erdogan ◽  
Aynur Uysal Toraman
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Knowledge Scale

Background: Among the types of cancer, skin cancer stands out due to its increasing incidence rate both in Turkey and around the world. This study was conducted to compare the knowledge level of the people living in rural and urban areas about skin cancer and sun protection.Methods: The study was conducted with 384 people living in Kirazlı village (rural area) and Türkmen district (urban area) in Kuşadası. Kuşadası town is located in Turkey's western region. Individual’s skin cancer and sun protection knowledge levels were evaluated with Skin Cancer and Sun Knowledge Scale consisting of 25 items.Results: As a result of this evaluation, the median values were 12.5 for the people living in rural areas and 15 for the people living in urban areas. It was found that there was a statistically meaningful difference between skin cancer and sun knowledge scale points of the people living in rural and urban areas (U=9419.5, p<0.01).Conclusions: This study concludes that individuals from urban populations were more knowledgeable than the ones from rural populations in the field of skin cancer and the sun protection behavior.

scholarly journals Development of census output areas with AZTool in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol Volume 112 (Number 7/8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tholang Mokhele ◽  
Onisimo Mutanga ◽  
Fethi Ahmed ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Geographical Unit ◽  
Rural Settings

Abstract The use of a single geographical unit to both collect and disseminate census data is common in many countries across the world, especially in developing countries. In South Africa this approach poses some challenges, as the design of small geographical units called enumeration areas to facilitate data collection differs considerably from the design of units that aid data analysis and interpretation. We aimed to create optimised census output areas using the Automated Zone-design Tool (AZTool) program, using the 2001 census enumeration areas as building blocks at various spatial levels, for both rural and urban settings in two South African provinces. The results were consistent and stable. The primary criterion of the confidentiality limit of 500 people was respected at all geographical levels or regions, in both urban and rural settings, for newly created optimised output areas. For the second criterion, lower intra-area correlation values at lower geographical levels for both rural and urban areas showed that higher geographical levels produced more homogeneous output areas than did lower geographical levels or regions. Our obtained intra-area correlation of 0.62 for the two provinces combined indicated that the selected homogeneity variables were good indicators of social homogeneity for creating optimised output areas in South Africa. We conclude that the AZTool software can be used to effectively and objectively create optimised output areas for South African data. Further research on the comparison of the newly created output areas with existing output areas in South Africa should be explored.

scholarly journals Fakes and chemicals: indigenous medicine in contemporary Kenya and implications for health equity

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Howland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Indigenous Healing ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Study ◽  
Rural Settings

Abstract Background Access to effective biomedical treatments for humans and livestock in Kenya is far from universal. Indigenous healing has a significant role to play in contemporary society in Kenya, yet access is not the only reason for this. Beliefs surrounding the composition of biomedicines, people’s experiences of biomedical care, and issues of counterfeit biomedicines sold over the counter have led to patients seeking care outside of biomedical institutions. Methods This study explores local realities of treatment seeking in one rural and one urban study site, for both humans and their livestock, including when, where and how people access certain types of medicines. Using an ethnographic approach to interviews, focus groups and observations, I explore the role that indigenous healing, both herbal and occasionally spiritual, plays within this context with healers and community members. Results Indigenous healing remains important for many people due to their mistrust and suspicion of biomedicine and big pharma. Their interactions with the healer or doctor, and the equity of these interactions, influence their decisions whether to access herbal or biomedical care, or a combination of the two. Indigenous healing bridges the gap many people experience when they are unable to access biomedical treatments and effectively creates a broader, more equitable coverage for healthcare. The plurality of reasons surrounding decision making is complex, but it is clear that many people often use indigenous healing, improvements in the regulation of both formulas and practice would assist people to access more effective treatment. Conclusions Indigenous healing is an important way in which Kenyans in rural and urban areas access healthcare for themselves and their animals. Issues of counterfeit biomedicines have led to broad mistrust and people favour indigenous healing, depending on the illness or severity of symptoms. Indigenous healing is a vital way in which people in underserved rural and urban populations access care. Herbal medicines and indigenous healing are trusted due to the greater transparency in their creation, and the more equitable relationship between indigenous doctor and patient. The study demonstrates that a pluralistic system is appropriate to increasing equity in access to healthcare in both urban and rural settings, as well as the importance of biomedical care providers respecting indigenous healing and viewing it with legitimacy. By taking a One Health perspective to understand the intersection of humans, livestock and the environment, we can better understand critical aspects affecting decision making for treatment and implications for healthcare equity in a rapidly changing world.

scholarly journals Campylobacter infection in urban and rural populations in Scotland

1985 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sibbald ◽  
J. C. M. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
National Data ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Campylobacter Infection

SUMMARYA review of campylobacter infection in Scotland over five years (1978–82), during which 7808 human isolates were recorded (mean annual isolation rate of 30 per 100000), revealed differences in the epidemiology of the disease between rural and urban populations which were not apparent in the national data. The incidence of infection in the two rural areas studied was greatest in the early months of the year, whereas that in the two urban areas showed a third-quarter predominance. In both urban and rural populations, age-specific infection rates were highest in children less than 5 years old, but this trend was more pronounced in rural than urban populations. Conversely, secondary peaks in age-specific infection rates observed in young adults were more pronounced in the urban than rural populations.It is postulated that rural children were being infected by campylobacters at an early age by drinking contaminated raw milk which was not normally available to city residents. The lower incidence in adults in the rural populations is interpreted as indicating more widespread immunity, resulting from greater exposure to infection during childhood. The effect of compulsory heat treatment of milk sold in Scotland, introduced in August 1983, is currently being studied.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Burglary Near Repeat Victimization Between Rural and Urban Areas Using a Target-Based Assessment of Criminal Opportunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 105756772110419
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Repeat Victimization ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Criminal Opportunity ◽  
Near Repeat ◽  
Repeat Pattern

Numerous studies have shown that near repeat victimization of burglaries can account for a substantial minority of burglaries in urban settings. Using a method based on the distribution of potential targets to determine the size of spatial bandwidths, the presence of burglary near repeats in rural areas was examined and compared to the level of near repeats in urban areas. A significant burglary near repeat pattern was observed in rural areas, but was restricted to the spatial and temporal bands that were closest to and most recently after a previous burglary. The proportion of all burglaries that were near repeats in this nearest spatial and temporal bands was greater than that observed in urban areas. The findings lead to extending how the boost account and offender foraging principles may apply in rural settings, and the identification of crime prevention opportunities that counter near repeats in rural areas.

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