scholarly journals Fakes and chemicals: indigenous medicine in contemporary Kenya and implications for health equity

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Howland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Indigenous Healing ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Study ◽  
Rural Settings

Abstract Background Access to effective biomedical treatments for humans and livestock in Kenya is far from universal. Indigenous healing has a significant role to play in contemporary society in Kenya, yet access is not the only reason for this. Beliefs surrounding the composition of biomedicines, people’s experiences of biomedical care, and issues of counterfeit biomedicines sold over the counter have led to patients seeking care outside of biomedical institutions. Methods This study explores local realities of treatment seeking in one rural and one urban study site, for both humans and their livestock, including when, where and how people access certain types of medicines. Using an ethnographic approach to interviews, focus groups and observations, I explore the role that indigenous healing, both herbal and occasionally spiritual, plays within this context with healers and community members. Results Indigenous healing remains important for many people due to their mistrust and suspicion of biomedicine and big pharma. Their interactions with the healer or doctor, and the equity of these interactions, influence their decisions whether to access herbal or biomedical care, or a combination of the two. Indigenous healing bridges the gap many people experience when they are unable to access biomedical treatments and effectively creates a broader, more equitable coverage for healthcare. The plurality of reasons surrounding decision making is complex, but it is clear that many people often use indigenous healing, improvements in the regulation of both formulas and practice would assist people to access more effective treatment. Conclusions Indigenous healing is an important way in which Kenyans in rural and urban areas access healthcare for themselves and their animals. Issues of counterfeit biomedicines have led to broad mistrust and people favour indigenous healing, depending on the illness or severity of symptoms. Indigenous healing is a vital way in which people in underserved rural and urban populations access care. Herbal medicines and indigenous healing are trusted due to the greater transparency in their creation, and the more equitable relationship between indigenous doctor and patient. The study demonstrates that a pluralistic system is appropriate to increasing equity in access to healthcare in both urban and rural settings, as well as the importance of biomedical care providers respecting indigenous healing and viewing it with legitimacy. By taking a One Health perspective to understand the intersection of humans, livestock and the environment, we can better understand critical aspects affecting decision making for treatment and implications for healthcare equity in a rapidly changing world.

scholarly journals Smear Positive Tuberculosis Cases in Rajshahi District A Comparison Between Rural and Urban Areas

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
W Wasim Hussain ◽  
M Azizul Haque ◽  
Laila Shamima Sharmin ◽  
ARM Saifuddin Ekram ◽  
M Fazlur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
The City

This study was designed to know the case finding of sputum smear positive tuberculosis in Rajshahi district and also to see whether case finding was different in urban and rural settings. Our study reveals that case finding rate of smear positive tuberculosis cases in the city corporation area and rural areas of Rajshahi district are 52% and 28% respectively. Case detection rate of total Rajshahi district was 33%. Stronger efforts are needed to reach the national target of detecting 70% new smear positive TB cases by the end of 2005.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i2.3456   TAJ 2004; 17(2): 104-105

Age-wise Analysis of Children's Influence in Family Purchase Decisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harikishni Harikishni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Urban Indian ◽  
The Impact

Children’s age is the most commonly researched variable involving purchase decision influence (Mangleburg, 1990). Previous studies found child's age to be a predominating factor with regard to child's influence across the decision making stages (Beatty and Talpade, 1994). These studies have also found positive correlation between the age of children and the quantum of influence exerted by them on family purchase decisions (Laczniak and Palan, 2004). This study has been undertaken with the specific objective to extend these findings in Indian context, more precisely, to examine the impact of age on Indian children’s influence in family purchase decisions. A “structured non-disguised” pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from the students of class eighth to twelfth from 766 families residing in rural and urban areas in Delhi, India. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and repeated measures ANOVA have been used to analyze and interpret the collected data. As per the analysis results children’s age do not moderate the influence exerted by them in family decision making process, in general, as well as across rural and urban Indian families.

Ghana: Community workers can communicate STI and HIV/AIDS messages effectively

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Planned Parenthood ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
The Government ◽  
Hiv Aids

To support the Government of Ghana’s plan to expand community-based distribution (CBD) programs, the Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana (PPAG) and the Population Council conducted a study in 1999 of the CBD programs of 13 nongovernmental agencies. The study also assessed in depth PPAG’s CBD program, which is the country’s largest and oldest. Data sources included interviews with 301 CBD agents, 27 supervisors, and 20 clinicians in rural and urban areas in 16 districts; observations of 51 PPAG agents interacting with 6 clients each; and 15 focus group discussions with community members, former CBD agents, and CBD clients. CBD programs in Ghana indicate that contraceptive distributors can also provide education on sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS, and maternal and child health. As stated in this brief, performance of CBD agents remains low, and CBD programs can be improved by establishment of national standards and guidelines, better recordkeeping, and more compensation for agents.

scholarly journals THE UTILIZATION OF GOLDEN PERIOD OF ISCHEMIC STROKE IN PATIENTS IN PRODUCTIVE AGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Vidya Tri Huttami ◽  
Atik Choirul Hidajah
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Early Admission ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Stroke Prevalence ◽  
Neurology Clinic

The 2007 Basic Health Survey shows the highest number of deaths in Indonesia rural and urban areas was caused by stroke. In 2007-2013, the stroke prevalence in  productive age increased up to 22‰. Stroke that attacks productive age can impair individual’s ability to do activities, and thus they might have family financial constraint. Disabilities can be prevented and minimized if patients utilize a golden period of an ischemic stroke. This study identified the utilization of golden period of ischemic stroke in patients and analyzed causes of delayed patient admission to the Neurology Clinic of Sidoarjo Hospital. This study was a descriptive study conducted to 39 post-stroke ischemic patients in productive ages under further therapy at the Neurology Clinic of Sidoarjo Hospital in 2016. The data were collected through interview from January-February 2017. The results present 62% of stroke ischemic patients utilized the golden period of a ischemic stroke. The average respondents' admission took  29.87±47.46 hours after patients experienced first stroke ischemic attacks (ranging from 1-168 hours). The respondents were admitted to the hospital late or >4.5 hours after the stroke attacks because most of them did not know stroke signs and symptoms. Therefore, hospitals or health care providers have to provide counseling service to patients and family members about stroke signs and symptoms, as well as the importance of early admission for treatment as soon as patient gets the first stroke attack. Keywords: utilization of the golden period, ischemic stroke, productive age.

scholarly journals Giresun İlinde Halkın Tıbbi Bitki Kullanım Tercihinin Belirlenmesi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Meryem Yeşil
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Health It ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Plant Use ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Press

The purpose of this research was to determine the medicinal plant use habits of the people living in rural and urban areas in Giresun province. A survey was prepared which contains questions for this purpose. According to the results of the research, 15.2% of the male participants and 30.4% of the female participants selected the option “I always use them”, and 35.9% of the male participants and 18.6% of the female participants selected to option “I use them when I need them” to describe their medicinal plant use habits. It was determined that 48.2% of both male and female participants used medicinal plants to treat diseases and maintain their health. It was found that 25.4% of males and 25.9% of females obtained medicinal plants from herbalists + markets, that 50.5% of males and 48.7% of females reported that the news through the press increased their interest in treatment with plants, the methods of obtaining information about medicinal plants were concentrated in the combination of “from my elders + friends + press-release” in 31.9% of males and 34.3% of females, and the most commonly used medicinal plant was mint in males (5.6%) and females (5.5%). It was also revealed that 9.5% of males and 9.1% of females used mostly medicinal plants when they had cold. For the sweetening of herbal medicines, 10.7% of males preferred the combination of sugar + honey + lemon, while 10.7% of females stated that they did not need any sweetening. It was determined that 30.4% of males did not pay attention to the type of material which is used to prepare medicinal plants in it, this rate was 13.6% for females, and 33.0% of females used glass + porcelain. It was found that 29.6% of males and 33.0% of females kept their medicinal plants in the kitchen cupboard + refrigerator, while 24.9% of males and 26.7% of females used nylon packaging + glass packaging for packaging.

scholarly journals Geographic accessibility to primary care providers: Comparing rural and urban areas in Southwestern Ontario

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayyab I. Shah ◽  
Andrew F. Clark ◽  
Jamie A. Seabrook ◽  
Shannon Sibbald ◽  
Jason A. Gilliland
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Geographic Accessibility ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Local Government and Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M Rajiakodi ◽  
Dushyantraj Sahibram Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Committee ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Women In Decision Making

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 has made two important provisions for the involvement of women in decision making and preparation of plan for development. Let us elaborate it. This amendment has made a provision that at least one -third of women would be members and chairpersons of the Panchyats at three levels means at Gram Panchayat level, Panchayat Samiti level and Zilla Panchayat level. These women also include from scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities. Secondly, Panchayats are also expected to prepare plans for economic development including the 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Scheduled of the constitution. The rural plan prepared by Zilla Parishads would be forwarded to District Planning Committee for preparing a consolidated plan for the rural and urban areas of the district. Now, this was the mandate given by the constitution for development of entire rural areas including women. Women would only be empowered if various developmental works which are undertaken are benefiting women.

scholarly journals Development of census output areas with AZTool in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol Volume 112 (Number 7/8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tholang Mokhele ◽  
Onisimo Mutanga ◽  
Fethi Ahmed ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Geographical Unit ◽  
Rural Settings

Abstract The use of a single geographical unit to both collect and disseminate census data is common in many countries across the world, especially in developing countries. In South Africa this approach poses some challenges, as the design of small geographical units called enumeration areas to facilitate data collection differs considerably from the design of units that aid data analysis and interpretation. We aimed to create optimised census output areas using the Automated Zone-design Tool (AZTool) program, using the 2001 census enumeration areas as building blocks at various spatial levels, for both rural and urban settings in two South African provinces. The results were consistent and stable. The primary criterion of the confidentiality limit of 500 people was respected at all geographical levels or regions, in both urban and rural settings, for newly created optimised output areas. For the second criterion, lower intra-area correlation values at lower geographical levels for both rural and urban areas showed that higher geographical levels produced more homogeneous output areas than did lower geographical levels or regions. Our obtained intra-area correlation of 0.62 for the two provinces combined indicated that the selected homogeneity variables were good indicators of social homogeneity for creating optimised output areas in South Africa. We conclude that the AZTool software can be used to effectively and objectively create optimised output areas for South African data. Further research on the comparison of the newly created output areas with existing output areas in South Africa should be explored.

Gut Microbiome Changes with Acute Diarrheal Disease in Urban Versus Rural Settings in Northern Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. Soto-Girón ◽  
Angela Peña-Gonzalez ◽  
Janet K. Hatt ◽  
Lorena Montero ◽  
Maritza Páez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Rural Sites

Previous studies have reported lower fecal bacterial diversity in urban populations compared with those living in rural settings. However, most of these studies compare geographically distant populations from different countries and even continents. The extent of differences in the gut microbiome in adjacent rural versus urban populations, and the role of such differences, if any, during enteric infections remain poorly understood. To provide new insights into these issues, we sampled the gut microbiome of young children with and without acute diarrheal disease (ADD) living in rural and urban areas in northern Ecuador. Shotgun metagenomic analyses of non-ADD samples revealed small but significant differences in the abundance of microbial taxa, including a greater abundance of Prevotella and a lower abundance of Bacteroides and Alistipes in rural populations. Greater and more significant shifts in taxon abundance, metabolic pathway abundance, and diversity were observed between ADD and non-ADD status when comparing urban to rural sites (Welch’s t-test, P < 0.05). Collectively our data show substantial functional, diversity, and taxonomic shifts in the gut microbiome of urban populations with, ADD supporting the idea that the microbiome of rural populations may be more resilient to ADD episodes.

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