ES2 Neck Injury Assessment Reference Values for Lateral Loading in Side Facing Seats

AbstractHead and neck injuries sustained during water skiing and wakeboarding occur as a result of falls in water and collisions with obstacles, equipment, or people. Though water sports helmets are designed to reduce injury likelihood from head impacts with hard objects, some believe that helmets increase head and neck injury rates for falls into water (with no impact to a solid object). The effect of water sports helmets on head kinematics and neck loads during simulated falls into water was evaluated using a custom-made pendulum system with a Hybrid-III anthropometric testing device. Two water entry configurations were evaluated: head-first and pelvis-first water impacts with a water entry speed of 8.8 ± 0.1 m/s. Head and neck injury metrics were compared to injury assessment reference values and the likelihoods of brain injury were determined from head kinematics. Water sport helmets did not increase the likelihood of mild traumatic brain injury compared to a non-helmeted condition for both water entry configurations. Though helmets did increase injury metrics (such as head acceleration, HIC, and cervical spine compression) in some test configurations, the metrics remained below injury assessment reference values and the likelihoods of injury remained below 1%. Using the effective drag coefficients, the lowest water impact speed needed to produce cervical spine injury was estimated to be 15 m/s. The testing does not support the supposition that water sports helmets increase the likelihood of head or neck injury in a typical fall into water during water sports.

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Development of Head Injury Assessment Reference Values Based on NASA Injury Modeling

10.4271/2011-22-0003 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jeffrey T. Somers ◽

Bradley Granderson ◽

John W. Melvin ◽

Ala Tabiei ◽

Charles Lawrence ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Reference Values ◽

Injury Assessment

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Biomechanical and Scaling Basis for Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values

10.4271/2016-22-0018 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Harold J. Mertz ◽

Annette L. Irwin ◽

Priya Prasad

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Side Impact ◽

Injury Assessment ◽

Impact Injury

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Injury Assessment Reference Values for the CRABI 6-Month Infant Dummy in a Rear-Facing Infant Restraint with Airbag Deployment

10.4271/950872 ◽

1995 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

John W. Melvin

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Injury Assessment ◽

Airbag Deployment

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Lower Neck Injury Assessment Risk Curves Based on Matched-Pair Human Data for Anthropomorphic Test Devices

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usaa421 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 186 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 639-644

Author(s):

John Humm ◽

Narayan Yoganandan

Keyword(s):

Neck Injury ◽

Matched Pair ◽

Test Device ◽

Abbreviated Injury Scale ◽

Hybrid Iii ◽

Force Moment ◽

Injury Assessment ◽

Lower Neck ◽

Injury Outcomes ◽

Risk Curves

ABSTRACT Introduction Under G +x accelerative loading, the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is used to advance human safety. Although injury assessment risk curves (IARCs) are available at the level of the occipital condyles (commonly termed as upper neck), they do not exist for the cervical-thoracic junction (lower neck). The objectives of this study are to develop IARCs under G +x impact accelerations for the Hybrid III ATD and test device for human occupant restraint (THOR) ATD at the cervical thoracic junction. Methods A series of Hybrid III ATD tests were conducted using input conditions that matched previously published cadaver tests. A separate series of THOR-ATD tests were conducted using the same input conditions that matched the same previously published cadaver tests. This type of experimental design where the cadaver input condition is the same as the ATD tests are termed matched-pair tests (Cadaver-Hybrid III and Cadaver-THOR-ATD). Injury outcomes from human cadaver tests were used with loads at the cervical thoracic junction, measured in the ATD tests. Data were censored based on injury outcomes and the number of tests conducted on each specimen. Parametric survival analysis was used to derive IARCs for cervical thoracic junction force-, moment-, and interaction-based lower neck injury criterion (LNic). Results Injuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale scheme. Abbreviated Injury Scale 1 or 2 was scored as injured. The 50% risk levels for the Hybrid III ATD were 315 N, 70 Nm, and 1.12 for the cervical thoracic A/P shear force-, sagittal plane extension moment-, and LNic-based injury criterion, respectively. Results for the THOR ATD were 261 N, 69 Nm, and 1.51. Conclusions This is the first study to develop cervical thoracic junction IARCs for the ATDs based on force, moment, and LNic for posterior to anterior loading.

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Obese Forklift Operator Neck Loads and Back Loads on a Sit Down Lift Truck During a Sudden Drop

Volume 14: Emerging Technologies; Materials: Genetics to Structures; Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis ◽

10.1115/imece2016-65169 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Chimba Mkandawire ◽

Stacy Imler ◽

James Smith

Keyword(s):

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Reference Values ◽

Daily Living ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

Spinal Injury ◽

Test Device ◽

Sudden Drop ◽

Compliance Testing ◽

Injury Assessment ◽

The Right

Neck and back loads of sit down forklift operators have not been fully evaluated in the scientific literature. In this study, we evaluate the neck and back loads of an obese forklift operator who experiences a sudden vertical drop while operating a sit down lift truck. A ballasted 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was used to measure loads available to a sit down forklift operator. Telemetry was used to remotely operate the sit down lift truck with the ATD properly belted. The belted ATD and lift truck were traveling, forks-leading along a stationary flatbed trailer when the right front forklift tire dropped into a defect in the floor. Several runs were performed at forklift travel speeds less than 5 miles per hour (2.2 meters per second). Back loads of the ATD were compared to activities of daily living (ADLs); and neck and back loads of the ATD were compared to published human tolerance levels and Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) used in compliance testing. Review of ADLs, IARVs, and tolerance data show little correlation between the potential for spinal injury and experiencing a sudden drop while operating a sit down lift truck.

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TRID Cervical Analysis During Rear Impact Simulation With MADYMO

ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2009-206177 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew R. Meyer ◽

Jessica M. Fritz ◽

Gerald F. Harris

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Cervical Injury ◽

Impact Simulation ◽

Rear Impact ◽

The Past ◽

Injury Assessment ◽

Biomechanical Parameters ◽

Rear Impacts ◽

Careful Assessment

The ability to determine cervical Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) is the result of contributions extending over the past several decades [1–7]. These studies confirm that lower speed impact analyses require careful assessment of mechanical and biomechanical parameters in order to examine body segmental effects. Mechanical and biomechanical metrics are included in an analysis to account for complexities of occupant and vehicle coupling. The purpose of this work is to describe the IARV results of a series of controlled lower speed rear impacts applied to a restrained, 50th percentile TRID male occupant.

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